d e haes i d a j i s el s i bel gi i s wi naaRmd eg

De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium

(1997 wl i s 24 T eber val i , s er i a # 1997-I,

amo nakr ebi )

f aqt o br i vi mxar e

I. s aqmi s ko nkr et ul i gar emo ebebi

6. bat o nebi l eo d e haes i d a hi ugo j i s el s i c xo vr o ben ant ver penSi d a muSao ben

yo vel kvi r eul Jur nal "humo s " r ed aqt o r ad d a Jur nal i s t ad .

a. ganmc xad ebl ebi s wi naaRmd eg z i ani s aTvi s aRZr ul i s aqme

7. 1986 wl i s 26 i vni s s , 18 s eqt ember s a d a 27 no ember s ganmc xad ebl ebma gamo aqveynes

5 s t at i a (i x. 19 d a mi s i mo md evno par agr af ebi ), s ad ac maT s akmao d vr c l ad d a

met ad mwar e gamo Tqmebi T gaakr i t i kes ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s

mo s amar Tl eebi , r ad ganac maT ganqo r wi nebi s pr o c es Si meur veo ba mi ani Wes

bavSvebi s mamas , bat o n X-s , bel gi el no t ar i us s . 1984 wel s no t ar i us i s meuRl em

d a meuRl i s mSo bl ebma s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s s ar Cel i

Sei t anes , s ad ac

ad anaSaul ebd nen mas i nc es t Si d a bavSvebi s ad mi c ud ad mo pyr o baSi , magr am

s abo l o o gad awyvet i l ebi T s aqmi s vi Tar ebi s r eal ur o ba ar d ad as t ur d a.

8. bat o nma X-ma aRZr a s aqme c i l i s wamebi s aTvi s maT wi naaRmd eg, vi nc mas z e Tavi s

d r o z e s ar Cel i Semo i t ana. mal i ni s s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s s as amar Tl o s a d a

Semd go mSi , ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s 1985 wl i s 4 o qt o mbr i s a d a

1986 wl i s 5 i vni s i s gad awyvet i l ebebi T mo pas uxeebi gaamar Tl es . s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebaSi , Inter alia, naTqvami i yo Semd egi :

"s as amar Tl o gad awyvet i l eba, r o m gas ar Cevi s aqme, f aqt o br i vad , ar ar s ebo bs ,

met yvel ebs i maz e, r o m s as amar Tl o wes i T war d geni l br al d ebebs s af uZvel i ar

gaaCni a.

mi uxed avad

ami s a,

ver

d amt ki c d a,

r o m

mo pas uxeebi

i qc eo d nen

ar akeTi l s i nd i s i er ad , anu bo r o t i ganz r axvi T, d a r o m maT Tvi To n ar

s j er o d aT br al d ebebi s s i mar Tl e.

mar Tl ac d a, mxo l o d mo pas uxeebi r o d i i yvnen d ar wmunebul ebi br al d ebi s

WeSmar i t ebaSi , amave az r s

i z i ar ebd nen gamo Ceni l i

akad emi ko s ebi , mag,

pr o f es o r i (m.a.) d a d o qt o r i (m.b.), bavSvTa f s i qi at r i r o ml ebi c pr o c es z e

mo wveul ebi i yvnen eqs per t ebad gamo Zi ebi s war mmar Tvel i mo s amar Tl i s , bat o ni

(u .e.)-i s mi er .

s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s s as amar Tl o s 1985 wl i s 6 s eqt embr i s s xd o maz e eqs per t ma

f i c i s qveS d aad as t ur a Tavi s i mo xs enebi s Si naar s i .

aRni Snul ma eqs per t ma, r o mel s ac namd vi l ad ar akl d a gamo c d i l eba bavSvi s

f s i qo l o gi i s d ar gSi d a r o mel mac Sei s wavl a s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s s aqmi s mTel i

f aqt o br i vi mas al a, 1984 wl i s 28 agvi s t o s gamo i t ana d as kvna, r o m bavSvebi s

ganc xad ebebi d amaj er ebel i i yo d a war mo ad gi na r amd eni me ar gument i am

mo s az r ebi s d as as abuTebl ad ".

1

1987 wl i s 20 i anvar s s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o m uar i uTxr a bat o ni X-s Semo t ani l

s aapel ac i o s aCi var z e.

1.

br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s t r i bunal i

9. 1987 wl i s 17 Teber val s ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s s amma mo s amar Tl em

d a gener al ur ma ad vo kat ma wamo i wyes s as amar Tl o pr o c es i bat o n d e haes i s a d a

bat o ni

j i s el s i s , agr eTve "humo s " r ed aqt o r i s , mbeWd avi s , gamo mc eml i s ,

gamavr c el ebl i s d a i ur i d i ul i war mo mad genl i s wi naaRmd eg Brussels tribunal de

premiere instance - Si (pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o ). s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e

d a 1383-e muxl ebi s s af uZvel z e, maT mo i Txo ves ko mpens ac i a aRni Snul s t at i ebSi

gakeTebul i ganc xad ebebi T mi yenebul i z i ani s aTvi s . ganc xad ebebi aRwer i l i i yo

r o go r c met ad c i l i s mwamebl ur i xas i aTi s a. is i ni i Txo vd nen s as amar Tl o s agan,

d aeki s r ebi naT mo pas uxeebi s aTvi s

no mi nal ur i j ar i ma Ti To eul i s agan er Ti

f r anki s o d eno bi T ar amat er i al ur i z i ani s as anaz Raur ebl ad ; ei Zul ebi naT i s i ni

gamo eqveynebi naT ganaCeni "humo Si "; d a mi ec aT mo mCi vani mxar i s aTvi s s as amar Tl o

gad awyvet i l ebi s gamo qveynebi s uf l eba eqvs yo vel d Ri ur gaz eTSi mo pas uxi s

xar j i T .

10. Zal Ta Tanas wo r o bi s a d a s aTanad o

mo pas uxeebma s Txo ves s as amar Tl o s 1988 wl i s 20 mai s s war d geni l d amat ebi T

ganc xad ebaSi , mo eTxo vaT s amef o mr Cevl i s agan aRni Snul s t at i ebSi

pr o c es i s uz r unvel yo f i s mi z ni T,

mo xs eni ebul i d o kument ebi s war mo d gena, an, uki d ur es SemTxvevaSi , bat o ni X-i s

bavSvebi s j anmr Tel o bi s md go mar eo baz e pr o f es o r ebi s ..... az r i s gamo kvl eva,

r o mel i c i naxebo d a s as amar Tl o ad mi ni s t r ac i aSi . maT Semd egnai r ad d aas abuTes

es ganc xad ebebi :

"aq d gas s aki Txi , hqo nd aT Tu ar a uf l eba mo pas uxeebs , maTTvi s xel mi s awvd o mi

f aqt ebi s s af uZvel z e d a pr es i s Tavi s uf l ebi s f ar gl ebSi , gamo eqveynebi naT

s as amar Tl o o r gano s f unqc i o ni r ebi s s ad avo d gamxd ar i kr i t i ka.

...s ad avo s t at i ebSi mo pas uxeebi eyr d no bo d nen ko nkr et ul s amed i c i no d as kvnebs ,

mxar eebi s mi er war mo d geni l ganc xad ebebs a d a bei l i f i s mo xs enebebs .

.... ar c

i mi s uar yo f a Sei Zl eba, r o m bat o ni X-i s c o l i s wi naaRmd eg

c i l i s wamebi s aTvi s wamo wyebul i s aqme ar i qna mi Rebul i war mo ebaSi .

axl a, r o d es ac u nd a gad awyd es , hqo nd aT Tu ar a mo pas uxeebs s ad avo s t at i ebi s

gamo qveynebi s

uf l eba, maTTvi s

xel mi s awvd o mi

i nf o r mac i i s

s af uZvel z e,

pr o c es i s s aTanad o d Cas at ar ebl ad auc i l ebel i a,

r o m s amef o mr Cevel ma,

r o mel i c s aqmeSi s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s 764,4 muxl i s Ses abami s ad mo qmed ebs,

s as amar Tl o s war mo ud gi no s d o kument ac i a, r o mel i c s t at i ebSi c i t i r ebul i a

r o go r c i nf o r mac i i s wyar o . aRni Snul i d o kument ebi s xvad as xva s as amar Tl o s

s aqmeebSi a Car Tul i .

r o d es ac vkamaTo bT pr es aSi gamo qveynebul i kr i t i ki s kano ni er ebi s Tao baz e,

auc i l ebel i a, r o m s as amar Tl o s

md go mar eo bi s Ses axeb pr o f es o r ebi s ........ az r i s Ses wavl a mai nc ,

s as amar Tl o s ad mi ni s t r ac i aSi ar i s war d geni l i .

SeeZl o s

bat o ni

X-i s

j anmr Tel o bi s

r o ml ebi c

2

aRni Snul i gamo Ceni l i pr o f es o r ebi s mo s az r eba i yo s wo r ed i s gad amwyvet i

f aqt o r i , r amac gamo aqveynebi na "humo s " s ad avo s t at i ebi s s er i a as eTi Zl i er i

f o r mi T.

mo pas uxeebi s mi er gamo xat ul i mo s az r ebebi , maT mi er gamo yenebul i ena d a

aRwer ebi

und a Sef as ebul

i qnes ar

abs t r aqt ul ad , ar amed

aRni Snul i

mo nac emebi s kuTxi T, r o ml ebi c s aqmi s ar s s wvd eba.

amgvar ad , evr o pi s s as amar Tl o l i ngens i s s aqmeSi (1986 wl i s

8

i vl i s i s

gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a A. # 103) mi uTi Tebs , r o m gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s

uf l ebi s ganxo r c i el ebi s s az Rvr ebi s s aki Txi und a gaanal i z ebul i qnes mTel i

f aqt o br i vi s af uZvel i s ko nt eqs t Si :

"gamo xat vis Tavi suf l ebi s s az Rvr ebi und a ganxi l ul

i qnes mTl i ano baSi ,

mo s ar Cel i s wi naaRmd eg gamo qveynebul s t at i ebTan er Tad d a i m ko nt eqs t i s

gaTval i s wi nebi T, r o mel Si c i s i ni d ai wer a" (gad awyvet i l ebi s par . 40).

... am mi z ez ebi s gamo i qneb s as amar Tl o m i nebo s d a mi uTi To s , r o m pr o c es i s

s wo r ad Cas at ar ebl ad auc i l ebel i a, gans akuTr ebi T Zal Ta Tanas wo r o bi s

pr i nc i pi s a d a s aTanad o pr o c es i s uz r unvel yo f i s mi z ni T, eTxo vo s s amef o

mr Cevel s

"humo Si "'

gamo qveynebul

aRni Snul

s t at i ebSi

mo xs eni ebul i

d o kument ebi s war mo d gena, an, uki d ur es SemTxvevaSi , bat o ni X-i s bavSvebi s

j anmr Tel o bi s md go mar eo baz e pr o f es o r ebi s ..... az r i s gamo kvl eva, r ac

s as amar Tl o ad mi ni s t r ac i aSi i naxeba.

11. 1988 wl i s 29 s eqt ember s s as amar Tl o m d aaki s r a bat o n d e haes s a d a bat o n

j i s el s no mi nal ur i j ar i ma Ti To eul s er Ti f r anki s o d eno bi T ar amat er i al ur i

z i ani s as anaz Raur ebl ad d a ai Zul a i s i ni gamo eqveynebi naT ganaCeni "humo Si ";

agr eTve mi s c a mo mCi van mxar es s as amar Tl o gad awyvet i l ebi s gamo qveynebi s

uf l eba eqvs yo vel d Ri ur gaz eTSi mo pas uxi s xar j i T. d abo l o s , man s xva

mo pas uxeebi s wi naaRmd eg s aqme mi i Cni a d auSvebl ad .

s as amar Tl o m, Inter alia, aRni Sna:

"mo sar Cl eebi sakamaTo d ar xd i an gamo xat vi s a d a pr es i s Tavi s uf l ebas i m

f o r mi T, r o ml i Tac i gi gar ant i r ebul i a ko ns t i t uc i i s me-14 d a me-18 muxl ebi T

d a evr o pi s ad ami ani s uf l ebebi s ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s pi r vel i par agr af i T.

amave d r o s , mo pas uxeebi c ver uar yo f en i m f aqt s , r o m aRni Snul i Tavi s uf l eba

ar ar i s Seuz Rud avi d a ar s ebo bs gar kveul i f ar gl ebi , r o mel Ta gad abi j ebac

d auSvebel i a. r o go r c aRni Snul i a ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af Si

ver af er i SeuSl i s xel s s amo qal aqo s ar Cel i s Set anas s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s

1382-e

muxl i s

Tanaxmad , i m SemTxvevebSi , r o d es ac

pr es i s

s aqc i el i

ar amar Tebul i a.

ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af i naTl ad mi uTi Tebs , r o m pr es i s

Tavi s uf l eba "Sei Zl eba eqvemd ebar ebo d es i s eT Sez Rud vebs , r o ml ebi c

gans az Rvr ul i a kano ni T d a auc i l ebel i a d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi , s xvaTa

uf l ebebi s a an r eput ac i i s d as ac avad an s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s

uf l ebamo s i l ebi s a d a mi uker Zo ebl o bi s Ses anar Cunebl ad " mo s ar Cl eebi s pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s (ko nvenc i i s muxl i 8 par . 1), gans akuTr ebi T ki pat i o s nebi s a d a

r eput ac i i s d ac vi s auc i l ebl o ba ni Snavs , am ko nkr et ul SemTxvevaSi , r o m pr es a

(1) und a c d i l o bd es , pat i vi s c emi T mo eki d o s s i mar Tl es ; (2) ar und a i yo s

us af uZvl o d Seur ac xmyo f el i ; d a (3) pat i vs und a s c emd es pi r o vnebi s pi r ad

3

c xo vr ebas . aRni Snul i kr i t er i umebi d ad geni l i a "Jur nal i s t ebi s uf l ebebi s a d a

mo val eo bebi s d ekl ar ac i aSi ”, r o mel i c Jur nal i s t ebi s s aer TaSo r i s o

f ed er ac i i s mi er ar i s Sed geni l i .

aRni Snul s t at i ebSi mo pas uxeebi xSi r ad mi uTi Teben i m f aqt s , r o m mo s ar Cl eebs

ad anaSau l eben Sec d o mi T gad awyvet i l ebaSi d a mi ker Zo ebul o baSi . mo pas uxeebma,

ar c met i , ar c nakl ebi , WeSmar i t ebad mi i Res bat o ni X-i sa d a mi si mr Cevel i s

(pr o f es o r i ...) mi er gakeTebul i ganc xad eba, Tumc a s aqmeSi war mo d geni l o Tx

gad awyvet i l ebaSi naTl ad i yo mi Ti Tebul i i s mi z ez ebi , Tu r at o m ar i yo

mi Cneul i s and o d aRni Snul i ganc xad eba. met i c , aRni Snul s t at i ebSi mo pas uxeebi

gamo xat aven az r s , r o m mo s ar Cl eebi s qmed eba und a Cai Tval o s ar ao bi eqt ur ad ,

vi nai d an i s i ni Ti Tqo s d a ekuTvni an no t ar i us i s a d a mi s i mami s nac no bebi s

gavl eni an wr es, r o m er T -er Ti maTgani gaxl d aT Jand ar mer i i s gener l i s vaJi ,

r o mel s ac 1948 wel s ger mani as Tan TanamSr o ml o baSi ed ebo d a br al i , r o m i s i ni

Ti Tqo s d a i yvnen uki d ur es i memar j veneebi d a mego br o bd nen er TmaneTTan.

mo s ar Cl eebi s s aqc i el s er To b ener gi ul ad d a met ad mwar e gamo Tqmebi T Seut i es

mo pas uxeebma. i s i ni aSkar ad i s axavd nen mi z nad mo s ar Cl eebi s war mo Cenas

ar axel s ayr el i

kuTxi T d a s ur d aT gamo ewvi aT maTi gaki c xva s az o gad o ebi s

mxr i d an. mo pas uxeebs s ur d aT mki Txvel ebi s aTvi s SeeqmnaT STabeWd i l eba, r o m

mo sar Cl eebi bavSvebi s mami s mxar s i Wer d nen d a r o m maTi gad awyvet i l eba

gar kveul i i d eo l o gi ur i ms o f l mxed vel o bi T i yo ganpi r o bebul i . amas Tan

d akavSi r ebi T,

mo pas uxeebi

yo vel gvar i

s aWi r o ebi s

gar eSe

ago nebd nen

mki Txvel ebs er T -er Ti mo pas uxi s mami s o mi s d r o i nd el s aqmi ano bas .

mo s ar Cl eebi mar Tebul ad Tvl i an, r o m ar Sei Zl eba

s akano nmd ebl o an

aRmas r ul ebel i o r gano ebi s wevr ebTan er Tad maTi ubr al o d er T r i gSi

d ayeneba. po l i t i ko s ebi ai r Cevi an d a xal xi maT und a end o bo d es . met i c ,

po l i t i ko s ebs

SeuZl i aT

s ai nf o r mac i o

s aSual ebebi s

gamo yeneba

Tavi s

d as ac avad maTz e Set evi s SemTxvevaSi . magi s t r at ebi s agan (t er mi ni , r o mel i c

bel gi ur kano nSi mo i az r ebs r o go r c mo s amar Tl eebs , i s e s amef o mr Cevl ebs ) ki ,

meo r es mxr i v, el i an Tavi anTi mo val eo bi s abs o l ut ur ad d amo uki d ebl ad d a

o bi eqt ur ad Ses r ul ebas . maTz e d aki s r ebul i keTi l go ni er ebi s val d ebul eba

i mas ni Snavs , r o m i s i ni ver d ai c aven Tavs i mave s aSual ebebi T, r o go r c

po l i t i ko s ebi .

aRni Snul i gar emo ebi s gamo mo pas uxeebma Cai d i nes ar amar Tebul i s aqc i el i ,

SebRal es r a mo s ar Cl eebi s pat i o s ani s axel i d a r eput ac i a upas uxi s mgebl o

br al d ebebi Ta d a Seur ac xmyo f el i i ns i nuac i ebi s s aSual ebi T. mo s ar Cl eebi s

mi er

mo Txo vni l i z o mebi war mo ad gens s aTanad o ko mpens ac i as aRni Snul i

ar amat er i al ur i z ar al i s aTvi s ...."

2.

br i us el i s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o Si

12. ganmc xad ebl ebma gaas aCi vr es aRni Snul i gad awyvet i l eba. 1989 wl i s 10 no ember s

war mo d geni l s abuTebSi maT, Inter alia, mi uTi Tes , r o m maTi s t at i ebi s er Tad er Ti

mi z ani i yo s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s gakr i t i keba aRni Snul i

mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s mi er

s af uZvel z e i m ar amar Tebul mo pyr o bas a d a

d akavSi r ebi T, r i s i gad at anac Ses aZl o a mo uxd aT bavSvebs .

SemTxvevaSi ar xel yo f d nen r es po d ent ebi s pi r ad

Cat ar ebul i pr o c es ebi s

i nc es t ur

mo qmed ebebTan

i s i ni ar avi Tar

c xo vr ebas

s akamaTo

gad awyvet i l ebaSi am ukanas knel Ta r o l i s gauTval i s wi nebl ad .

bat o nma d e

4

haes ma d a bat o nma j i s el s ma gai meo r es Tavi anTi wi nad ad eba, d aemt ki c ebi naT

s t at i ebSi aRni Snul i f aqt ebi d a s Txo ves s as amar Tl o s ant ver peni s s aTavo

s amef o s s abWo s agan mo eTxo vaT aRni Snul i d o kument ebi s gad mo c ema, s axel d o br ,

pr o f es o r ebi s .... mo s az r ebebi d a bat o ni X-i s ganqo r wi nebi s s aqmi d an amo Rebul i

d o kument ebi , gans akuTr ebi T ki r i gi mo xs enebebi d a pr o f es o r i s ... mi er mi wer i l i

wer i l i s amef o mr Cevl i s ad mi .

13. r es po d ent ebi i Txo vd nen d abal i i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebi s

Zal aSi d at o vebas . maTi az r i T, ganmc xad ebl ebi ki d ev uf r o Seur ac xmyo f el ad

d a gamo mwvevad mo i qc nen, r o d es ac 1988 wl i s 14 o qt o mber s "humo Si ” (i x. par . 24)

d abeWd es s t at i a, r o mel Si c ganmc xad ebl ebi ar a mar t o i meo r ebd nen Tavi anT

ganc xad ebas s ami mo s amar Tl i s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s ar ao bi eqt ur o bi s

T ao baz e,

ar amed

ko nkr et ul i

s axel ebi T

d a

met ad

d amamc i r ebl ad

mo i xs eni ebd nen i m mo s amar Tl eebs , r o mel Tac

s eqt embr i s gad awyvet i l eba (i x. par 11).

gamo i t anes 1988 wl i s 29

14. 1990 wl i s 5 Teber val s br i us el i s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m Zal aSi d at o va

aRni Snul i gad awyvet i l eba, man, Inter alia, mi u Ti Ta:

"... r o go r c br al d ebi s ar gument ac i i s mi er ar i s war mo d geni l i , ar anai r i z o mebi

ar und a i qnes an Sei Zl eba ar i qnes mi Rebul i apel ant ebi s mi er s as amar Tl o Si

Semo t ani l

ant ver peni s Zi r i Tad s amef o mr Cevel s s as amar Tl o s aTvi s Jur nal

gamo qveynebul s ad avo s t at i ebSi c i t i r ebul i d o kument ebi s ", s axel d o br ki , -

ganc xad ebas Tan d akavSi r ebi T, s ad ac i s i ni i Txo ven "mo s Txo vo n

"humo Si "

s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s 877-e muxl i s Tanaxmad ,

d o kument i s war mo d gena".

–

"b-ni X-i s s aqmi s yvel a

r o go r c ukve i qna aRni Snul i , s as amar Tl o s amo c anas ar war mo ad gens – d a ar c

Sed i s mi s i ur i s d i qc i aSi ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s abWo s mi er ukve

–

gad awyvet i l i s aqmi s ganxi l va axal gaz r d ul i s as amar Tl o s gan mo mar Tul i

apel ac i i s s af uZvel z e. i gi agr eTve aRni Snavs , r o m s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s 877-e

muxl i s Ses abami s ad , z emo T mo xs eni ebul i d o kument ebi s ar s ebul i s aqmi s

d o kument ac i aSi

Car Tvi s

Ses axeb

mo Txo vna

mTl i anad

s as amar Tl o s

gad awyvet i l ebaz ea d amo ki d ebul i (s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o , 1977 wl i s 2 i vni s i , I,

1012) d a gaugebar i a, Tu r a mi z ans ems axur eba.

gar d a ami s a, apel ant ebma und a aRi ar o n, r o m maT gar kveul i ko ment ar ebi

gaakeTes s as amar Tl o s aqmez e d a SebRal es magi s t r at ebi s pat i o s ani s axel i

mTel i s aWi r o i nf o r mac i i s f l o bi s gar eSe d a ami T maTma avma s aqc i el ma ki d ev

uf r o s kand al ur i xas i aTi mi i Ro .

maT Semd go mSi ki d ev uf r o d aamZi mes s akuTar i md go mar eo ba i mi s SeTavaz ebi T,

r o m "s aqmi s

gad awyvet amd e s t at i ebSi

as axul i

f aqt ebi

d aemt ki c ebi naT

nebi s mi er i

i ur i d i ul i s aSual ebebi T, mo wmeebi s

d aki Txvi s

CaTvl i T"

–

SeTavaz eba, r o mel i c ar a mar t o uar yo f i l i und a i yo s , r o go r c ar ad r o ul i ,

ar amed r o mel i c naTl ad mi gvani Snebs – d a s wo r ed es gaxl avT yvel az e

mni Svnel o vani - Tu r amd enad akl d a s i f r Txi l e d a i nf o r mac i i s s i z us t e

s t at i ebs a d a br al d ebebs , r o ml ebi c apel ant ebma manamd e d awer es d a gaakeTes ,

vi d r e s akmar i s i d amamt ki c ebel i s abuTi eqnebo d aT xel T.

wi namd ebar e s aqmeSi aRni Snul i Semo Tavaz eba ver af r i T gamo d geba apel ant ebi s

ar gument ad . pi r i qi T, i gi

ad as t ur ebs , r o m mo s ar Cl eebi s Tavd api r vel i

ar gument ac i a s af uZvl i ani i yo d a s aqmes mar Tl ac akl d a s aWi r o s i z us t e.

5

apel ant ebi s agan ar ar i s s akmar i s i i mi s Semo Tavaz eba – r as ac i s i ni mai nc

akeTeben, – r o m d aamt ki c eben "s aqmes Tan" d akavSi r ebi T maT mi er d awer i l i

i nf o r mac i i s WeSmar i t ebas ; auc i l ebel i a, r o m d et al ur ad , et apo br i vad i yo s

d ako nkr et ebul i , r o mel i z us t i d a naTl ad aRwer i l i f aqt ebi – "z ust i d a

r el evant ur i " s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s 915-e muxl i s Tanaxmad , s i t yvas i t yvi T –

ar i s war mo d geni l i r o go r c mt ki c ebul eba. es i mi s aTvi s ar i s s aWi r o , r o m

mo wi naaRmd ege mxar em war mo ad gi no s s api r i s pi r o mt ki c ebul ebebi , d a r aTa

s as amar Tl o m

SeZl o s

war mo d geni l i

f aqt ebi s

r el evant ur o bi sa

d a

mni Svnel o bi s Sef as eba; apel ant ebma ar c ki CaTval es s aWi r o d aRni Snul i

mo Txo vni s d akmayo f i l eba.

met i c , s as amar Tl o s ukve gaaCni a mTel i i nf o r mac i a, r o ml i s s af uZvel z e mas

SeuZl i a gad awyvi t o s , f aqt ebi s s r ul i c o d ni T, mar Tl ac d a, gvaqvs Tu ar a s aqme

c i l i s wamebas Tan.

...r ac Seexeba Tvi To n s aqmi s ar s ebi T mxar es , gar kveul i ....... r el evant ur i

mi z ez ebi s gamo , r o ml ebi c ar i qna uar yo f i l i d a r o mel Tac s as amar Tl o

eTanxmeba, s as amar Tl o m d aad gi na, r o m apel ant ebi s mi er

Tavd api r vel ad

mi mar Tul i s ar Cel i s af uZvl i ani a, r ad gan apel ant ebs , eWvgar eSea, Cad eni l i aqvT

s er i o z ul i d anaSaul i Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi s pat i o s ani s axel i s a d a

r eput ac i i s Sel axvi T, gaumar Tl ebel i br al d ebebi Ta d a Seur ac xmyo f el i

i ns i nuac i ebi T.

gamo xat vi s a d a pr es i s Tavi s uf l eba, r o mel i c ko ns t i t uc i i s me-14 d a me-18

muxl ebi T,

agr eTve

ko nvenc i i s

me-10 muxl i s

1-el i

par agr af i T

ar i s

gar ant i r ebul i , Seuz Rud avi r o d i gaxl avT; gar kveul i f ar gl ebi s gad al axva

d auSvebel i a d a, r o go r c ukve i qna aRni Snul i , s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a

1383-e mu xl ebi s Tanaxmad , gar kveul SemTxvevebSi Ses aZl ebel i a s aqmi s aRZvr a

z i ani s aTvi s , r o d es ac pr es a ar amar Tebul ad i qc eva.

met i c , aRni Snul d el i qt Tan d akavSi r ebi T, s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s ko d eqs i s 443-e

d a mi s i mo md evno muxl ebi agr eTve mi uTi Teben qmed ebebz e, r o mel Tac Sei Zl eba

Sel axo n ad ami ani s

pat i o s neba an s aj ar o d

d agmo n pi r i . s axel mwi f o

xel i s uf l ebi s wi naaRmd eg mi mar Tul i c i l i s wameba i s j eba i s eve, r o go r c

c al keul i pi r i s c i l i s wameba. s wo r ed es c i l i s wameba gaxl d aT, r az ed ac

wi namd ebar e s aqmeSi Ci vi an Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi d a r ac namd vi l ad

ganekuTvneba ar akano ni er

"qmed ebebs ", r o ml ebi c mi Ti Tebul i a s amo qal aqo

ko d eqs i s 1382-e muxl Si , r o go r c "s xvebi s Tvi s z i ani s mi myenebel i ".

ar ar s ebo bs s af uZvel i apel ant ebi s ko nt r ar gument ac i i s aTvi s , r o m "s i s xl i s

samar Tl i s ko d eqsi s muxl i 443 war mo ad gens er Tad er T d ebul ebas bel gi i s

kano nmd ebl o baSi , r o mel i c s as amar Tl o ebs az r i s Tavi s uf l ebi s Sez Rud vi s

uf l ebamo s i l ebas ani Webs s xvebi s pat i o s nebi s a d a r eput ac i i s d ac vas Tan

d akavSi r ebi T; ar c s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s muxl i 764,4 ar c s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s

muxl i 1382 ar i Tval i s wi nebs aRni Snul s ". am ar gument i s Ses abami s ad , pr es a, d a

mxo l o d d a mxo l o d pr es a, ar eqvemd ebar eba s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a 1383-

e

muxl ebSi gaTval i s wi nebul

z o gad d ebul ebas , r o mel i c val d ebul ebas

aki s r ebs "yo vel

pi r s " d a pas uxi s mgebl o bas aki s r ebs nebi s mi er s , mi s mi er

Cad eni l i "qmed ebi T", "umo qmed o bi T" an "gauf r Txi l ebl o bi T"' mi yenebul i z i ani s

gamo .

6

ko nvenc i i s me-10 mu xl i s me-2 par agr af i s Tanaxmad , pr es i s Tavi s uf l eba

"Sei Zl eba eqvemd ebar ebo d es i s eT Sez Rud vebs , r o mel Tac gans az Rvr avs kano ni

d a auc i l ebel i a d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi s xvaTa uf l ebebi s a an r eput ac i i s

d as ac avad an s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s uf l ebamo s i l ebi s a d a mi uker Zo ebl o bi s

Ses anar Cunebl ad ".

ad ami ani s uf l ebebi s d ac vi s a d a Zi r i Tad i Tavi s uf l ebebi s ko nvenc i i s me-8

mu xl i s

gar ant i r ebi s aTvi s

1-el i

par agr af i s

Tanaxmad ,

pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s

gamo qveynebul i

pat i vi s c emi s

s t at i ebi

auc i l ebel i a, r o m pr es aSi

Sees abamebo d es s i mar Tl es , ar i yo s us af uZvl o d Seur ac xmyo f el i d a pat i vs

s c emd es ad ami ani s pi r ad c xo vr ebas , kr i t er i umebi , r o ml ebi c amo Rebul i a

"Jur nal i s t Ta

Jur nal i s t ebi s

uf l ebebi d an

d a

val d ebul ebebi d an",

f ed er ac i am d a

r o mel i c

d amt ki c d a

Sead gi na

evr o pi s

s aer TaSo r i s o

Tanamego br o bi s s xvad as xva qveynebSi yo vel d Ri ur i gaz eTebi s Jur nal i s t ebi s

mi er mi unxenSi 1971 wl i s 24 d a 25 no ember s , s ad ac bel gi a war mo d geni l i i yo

bel gi i s pr es i s pr o f kavSi r i s s axi T.

apel ant ebs ar SeuZl i aT d aeyr d no n gaer Ti anebul i er ebi s SeTanxmebas an

uni ver s al ur d ekl ar ac i as , vi nai d an ar c maTSi ar i s r ai me aRni Snul i pr es i s

ganus az Rvr el i Tavi s uf l ebi s Ses axeb.

uf r o met i c , apel ant ebma ver ganmar t es , d a ver mi uTi Tes gans xvavebaz e, Tu

r at o m mo d i s s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a mi s mo md evno muxl ebSi mi Ti Tebul i

d anaSaul i s z o gad i ko nc ef c i a wi naaRmd ego baSi ko nvenc i i s me-8 muxl i s 1-el

par agr af Tan d a me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af Tan (r o ml i s pr ec ed ent i c aq s ad avo

ar gamxd ar a) kano ni s mi er gans az Rvr ul i Tavi s uf l ebi s Sez Rud vas a d a pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s d ac vas Tan mi mar TebaSi , r as Tanac gvaqvs s aqme; an r at o m ar

eqvemd ebar ebi an aRni Snul d ebul ebebs mxo l o d d a mxo l o d Jur nal i s t ebi .

amas Tan d akavSi r ebi T s as amar Tl o s avs ebi T eTanxmeba d abal i i ns t anc i i s

s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebaSi mo yvani l r el evant ur mi z ez ebs d a mTl i anad

i z i ar ebs maT.....

amave d r o s , evr o pi s ad ami ani s uf l ebebi s s as amar Tl o m br uno kr ei s ki s s aqmeSi

d aad gi na, r o m avs t r i el i Jur nal i s t i l i ngens i Tavs es xmo d a bat o n kr ei s ki s

mxo l o d r o go r c po l i t i ko s s d a, Ses abami s ad , ar d aur Rvevi a mi s i pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s pat i vi s c emi s uf l eba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki pi r i qi T, aRni Snul i

uf l eba namd vi l ad i qna d ar Rveul i – d a s akmao d Zl i er ad ac – apel ant ebi s

mi er .

aRni Snul s t at i ebs a d a nawyvet ebSi gamo yenebul i s i t yvebi , i ns i nuac i ebi d a

l anZRva met ad d amamc i r ebel i d a Seur ac xmyo f el i a, vi nai d an Tavd api r vel i

mo s ar Cl eebi , s axel ebi s ko nkr et ul ad d as axel ebi T, d ad anaSaul ebul

i qnen

ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi , r ac uf r o s i magi s t r at ebi s aTvi s s er i o z ul

br al s

war mo ad gens ; agr eTve gamo i Tqva i ns i nu ac i ebi , r o m maT hqo nd aT kavSi r i

Jand ar mer i as Tan, r o m i s i ni ekuTvno d nen uki d ur es memar j veneebs d a bavSvebi s

mami s mego br ebi s wr eSi t r i al ebd nen – r o mel i c , apel ant ebi s az r i T, as eve

uki d ur es memar j veneebs ekuTvno d a – d a amgvar ad , Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi s

mi er

gamo t ani l i

s as amar Tl o

gad awyvet i l eba

bavSvebi s

meur veo bas Tan

d akavSi r ebi T s r ul i ad mo s al o d nel i i yo – d a yo vel i ve es r ai me s er i o z ul i

d a o bi eqt ur i mt ki c ebul ebi s war mo d geni s a an ar s ebo bi s gar eSe, r o mel i c

aCvenebd a, r o m magi s t r at ebi s wi naaRmd eg wayenebul br al d ebas r ai me s af uZvel i

hqo nd a....

7

apel ant ebs ganz r axul i hqo nd aT mki Txvel i s aTvi s SeeqmnaT STabeWd i l eba, r o m

mo s amar Tl eebi d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i emxr o bo d nen er T -er T mxar es s aqmeSi

d a met i c , r o m maTi gad awyvet i l eba nakar naxevi i yo gar kveul i i d eo l o gi ur i

mo saz r ebebi T.

gar d a ami s a, maT abs o l ut ur ad yo vel gvar i s aWi r o ebi s gar eSe mo ago nes

mki Txvel ebs meo r e r es po d ent i s , aw gar d ac vl i l i mami s , o mi s d r o i nd el i

s aqmi ano ba, r as Tanac meo r e r es po d ent s ar af er i aqvs s aer To d a r o mel i c

–

i mi s d a mi uxed avad , r o m apel ant s ami s Tao baz e s awi naaRmd ego mo s az r eba aqvs –

mTl i anad pi r ad i c xo vr ebi s d ac ul s f er o s mi ekuTvneba.

apel ant ebs ki d ec r o m s wamd eT, r o m r es po d ent ebs Sei Zl eba mi ewer o s gar kveul i

i d eo l o gi ur i Sexed ul ebebi (r i s i d amt ki c ebac maT ver SeZl es ), maT ar anai r i

u f l eba ar aqvT, aRni Snul i Sexed ul ebebi d an – ki d evac r o m mo xer xebul i yo

maTi d amt ki c eba

–

mar t i vad gamo et anaT d as kvna, r o m mo s amar Tl eebi d a

gener al ur i ad vo kat i mi ker Zo ebul ebi i yvnen d a es f aqt i s aj ar o d gaeki c xaT.

mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s wi naaRmd eg (r o mel Tac Tavi d an

Semo i t anes s ar Cel i ) mi mar Tul aRni Snul eWvebSi d a mi Tqma-mo TqmaSi s i mar Tl i s

mar c val i c ki ar ur evi a. apel ant ebma i c r ues 1986 wl i s 6 no embr i s s t at i aSi (gv.

19), r o d es ac ganac xad es , r o m aRni Snul i s aqme, r o mel i c am mo s amar Tl eebma

gani xi l es , maT mi er s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o d an i yo gamo t ani l i ; Semd go mSi ki

maT mo uwi aT d amat ebi T war d geni l

"s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o Si s amef o

ganmar t ebaSi (gv. 6) i mi s aRi ar eba, r o m

s abWo m uar i ganac xad a s aqmi s s xva

s as amar Tl o Si gad at ani s d aSvebaz e" (s as amar Tl o ko d eqs i s 651-e muxl i s

T anaxmad ).

1986 wl i s 6 no ember s maT ganac xad es : "gas ul xuTSabaTs vi mi s a d a j eni s s aqme

s ul s xva mi mar Tul ebi T Set r i al d a. s amef o mr Cevl i s ganc xad ebi T s akas ac i o

s as amar Tl o m gamo i t ana b-ni X-i s f ai l ebi ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o d an d a

gad ai t ana i gi gent i s t r i bunal Si (pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o ) i m i med i T,

r o m gent i s magi s t r at ebi nakl ebad mi ker Zo ebi T mo eki d ebo d nen s aqmes ..."

27 no ember s i s i ni kvl av d aubr und nen am s aqmes s t at i aSi , s ad ac wer d nen:

"gamar Tl d a Cveni am o r i kvi r i s wi nand el i pr o gno z i i mi s Tao baz e, r o m i m

s ao c r ad nel i pr o gr es i s Sed egad , r i Tac vi mi s a d a j eni s s aqme vi Tar d eba, s aqme

al baT ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o d ar baz ebSi Cai xSo bo d a. r o go r c Cans , s akas ac i o

s as amar Tl o m gad awyvi t a, r o m ant ver peni s

mo s amar Tl eebi

ver

i qnebi an

d ad anaSaul ebul i i nc es t i s am s aqmeSi d a, Ses abami s ad , s aqmi s ganxi l va kvl avac

ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o Si und a gagr Zel d es ...."

amgvar i t i pi s yal bma i nf o r mac i am Tavd api r vel mo s ar Cl eebs aunaz Raur ebad i

z i ani mi ayena, vi nai d an ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi d ad anaSaul eba magi s t r at i s aTvi s

yvel az e s aSi nel br al d ebas war mo ad gens .

apel ant ebi s upas uxi s mgebl o kr i t i ki s gans akuTr ebul i Rvar Zl i ano ba al baT

ad vi l ad Sei Zl eba i qnes axs ni l i – magr am ar a gamar Tl ebul i – gar kveul i

po l i t i kur i

i nt er es ebs ar ems axur eba), d a TviT apel ant ebi s 1987 wl i s 12 Teber val s

"humo Si " gamo qveynebul s t at i aSi gakeTebul i aRi ar ebi T: ... "Tuki r ai me

d amamt ki c ebel i s abuTi a s aWi r o

d api r i s pi r ebi T

(r o mel i c , r a Tqma und a, s amar Tl i ano bi s

bat o ni

X-i s

s aqmes Tan d akavSi r ebul i

8

i nt r i gebi s a d a i m f aqt i s d as amt ki c ebl ad , r o m po l i t i kur i kavSi r ebi mar Tl ac

mni Svnel o van r o l s TamaSo ben, aRni Snul i i nf o r mac i i s (naad r evi ) gaJo nva

pr es aSi ami s yvel az e d amaj er ebel s abuTs war mo ad gens ..."

i mi s gamo , r o m Tavd api r vel

mo s ar Cl eebs yo vl ad d auSvebel i maner i T

es xmo d nen s ad avo s t at i ebSi , i s i ni gans akuTr ebi T ar as axar bi el o kuTxi T i yvnen

naCvenebi d a maTi pat i o s neba d a r eput ac i a s er i o z ul ad i qna Ser yeul i i m

Seur ac xmyo f el i ganc xad ebebi T, r o ml ebi c aWar bebd a i mas , r as ac apel ant ebi

"d aund o bel kr i t i kas " uwo d ebd nen.

mi uxed avad ami s a, apel ant ebi Tavi anT agr es i ul

d amc i r ebas gamar Tl ebul ad mi i Cneven i s eTi

t o ns a d a Seur ac xmyo f el

mc i r e z o mi s gaz eTi s aTvi s ,

r o go r i c aa "humo ", r o mel s ac i s i ni "kr i t i kul s a d a ant i bur Juaz i ul s " uwo d eben.

Tumc a

bur Juaz i ul i

s az o gad o ebi s

amgvar i t i pi s Jur nal Si d abeWd i l

wi naaRmd eg

aSkar a

kr i t i kul i

s t at i ebTan

d amo ki d ebul ebi s mqo ne

mi mar TebaSi ar und a i qnes gamo yenebul i i gi ve kr i t er i umebi , r ac "Cveul ebr i v"

gaz eTSi gamo qveynebul s t at i ebTan, f aqt i a, r o m s ayo vel Tao d c no bi l

kr i t i kul Jur nal ebSi c ki s aWi r o a kr i t i ki s gar kveul i s t and ar t ebi s d ac va d a

d auSvebel i a yal bi i nf o r mac i i s a d a d au d as t ur ebel i br al d ebebi s gamo qveyneba

mxo l o d er Ti mi z ni T – ko nkr et ul i ad ami anebi s d amc i r ebi s a d a wyeni nebi s

mi z ni T, r ac namd vi l ad war mo ad gens pr es i s Tavi s uf l ebi s bo r o t ad gamo yenebas .

mi uxed avad

i mi s a,

r o m ad ami anebs

namd vi l ad

aqvT

"ant i bur Juaz i ul i

ganwyo bi l ebi s " uf l eba, es maT ar ani WebT s az o gad o ebaSi s uf Ta s axi s Wo r ebi s

gavr c el ebi s uf l ebas - r ao d en Sez Rud ul i c ar und a i yo s maTi mki Txvel ebi s

r ao d eno ba – magal i Tad , ami s d awer i T: "gener al ur i ad vo kat i abs o l ut ur ad

s amar Tl i anad i qna mo xs ni l i aRni Snul i s aqmi d an Tavi s i uf l ebamo s i l ebi s

gad aWar bebi s gamo " (“humo ”, 1986 wl i s 17 i vl i s i , gv. 6-7).

Tumc a d amat ebi T war mo d geni l

ganmar t ebebSi apel ant ebi ukan i xeven d a

aRni Snaven, r o m maT mi er ad r e gamo Tqmul i ganc xad eba gener al ur i ad vo kat i s

"mo xs ni s " Tao baz e gaxl d aT maTi "pi r ad i i nt er pr et ac i a i m f aqt i s a, r o m man

Sewyvi t a s aqmeSi mo nawi l eo ba", amgvar ma "i nt er pr et ac i am" am "Jur nal i s t ebs "

und a mo uwo d o s met i keTi l s i nd i s i er ebi T ganaxo r c i el o n Tavi anTi s aqmi ano ba,

i mi s gan d amo uki d ebl ad , Tu r amd enad "pi r ad i " i qneba maTi s t i l i .

“humo Si ” d abeWd i l 1988 wl i s 14 o qt o mbr i s s t at i aSi (gv. 15) – anu am pr o c es i s

per i o d Si d a i m f aqt i s mi uxed avad , r o m maT aqve ganac xad es i mi s Tao baz e, r o m

i s i ni s aapel ac i o s ar Cel i s Set anas api r ebd nen – apel ant ebma ki d ev uf r o

gai uar es es

ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi d a met ad ges l i ani s i t yvebi T gaakr i t i kes i s mo s amar Tl eebi ,

r o ml ebmac pi r vel i ns t anc i aSi gamo i t anes gad awyvet i l eba d a s axel ebi T

md go mar eo ba, d aad anaSaul es

r a Tavd api r vel i

mo s ar Cl eebi

mo i xs eni es es ukanas knel ni .

es s t at i a, s xva mr aval Ta So r i s , Semd egs aRni Snavd a: "... vi c e-pr ez i d ent i d a

s xva mo s amar Tl eebi

ugul i s yur o d

mo eki d nen s aqmes ... CvenTvi s

uc no bi a,

namd vi l ad wai ki Txes Tu ar a maT "humo ", magr am "humo " ar Sexebi a r ai me

Tval s az r i s i T mo s amar Tl eebi s pi r ad c xo vr ebas ... aSkar aa, r o m br i us el i s

mo s amar Tl eebma ver gamo i Ci nes mi umxr o bl o ba d a d amo uki d ebl o ba ant ver peni s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o d an ko l egebi s s aqmeSi gad awyvet i l ebi s gamo t ani s as .

Ses abami s ad , i s i ni c ar ao bi eqt ur i gad awyvet i l ebebi s xaz s i Wer en.

9

aRni Snul i s i nt er pr et i r eba Sei Zl eba r o go r c s as amar Tl o s wevr ebz e gavl eni s

mo xd eni s gans akuTr ebi T uad gi l o d a ar as wo r i mc d el o bi s a, gans akuTr ebi T ki

r o d es ac apel ant ebi war mo d geni l

s abuTebSi wi nas war met yvel eben, r o m ar c

er Ti gaz eTi d abeWd avs am gad awyvet i l ebas , r i s i mc d el o bac , pr i nc i pSi , Cven

ar c ki gvqo ni a.

r ac Seexeba s aqmi s "ugul i syur o d " mo ki d ebas, apel ant ebs, r o go r c Cans, ar aqvT

Segnebul i , r o m, r o go r c wes i , d a s r ul i ad mar Tebul ad ac , s as amar Tl o ebi met

mni Svnel o bas ani Weben

–

r o go r c am ko nkr et ul

s aqmeSi c

–

maTi ve mi er

d ani Snul i eqs per t ebi s d as kvnas , r o mel Tac r ai me kavSi r i ar aqvT mo d aveebTan

d a vi s o bi eqt ur o baSi c , Ses abami s ad , ver c er Ti mxar e eWvs ver Sei t ans , vi d r e –

r o go r c amas apel ant ebi akeTeben – mxar i s s akuTar eqs per t ebs , r o mel Ta mi er

Cat ar ebul i gamo Zi eba, Sef as eba d a gakeTebul i d as kvnebi

umTavr es , d a er Tad er T, d amamt ki c ebel s abuTs , r o ml i s

war mo ad gens

s af uZvel z ec ,

apel ant ebi s az r i T, maT uf l eba aqvT Tavi anT s t at i ebSi Tavs d aes xnen

ko nkr et ul pi r ebs .

s amwuxar o d , Zal i an xSi r i a SemTxvevebi , gans akuTr ebi T s as amar Tl o s aqmeebSi ,

r o d es ac uni ver s i t et ebi s s aukeTes o pr o f es o r ebi da s pec i al i s t ebi c ki – am

SemTxvevaSi ki Ti To eul mxar es s amz e nakl ebi s pec i al i s t i ar i yo – er TmaneTs

ar eTanxmebi an, xo l o i s eT s f er o ebSi , r o go r i c aa f s i qo l o gi a d a f s i qi at r i a,

d i amet r al ur ad gans xvavebul i mo s az r ebebi aqvT, amas Tanave yo vel i maTgani

i r wmuneba, r o m 100 pr o c ent i T ar i s d ar wmunebul i s akuTar s i mar Tl eSi . aman

und a

d aar wmuno s

Jur nal i s t ebi ,

Tavi

Sei kavo n

ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi

d ad anaSaul ebi s agan d a, r ac ki d ev uf r o mni Svnel o vani a, mo s amar Tl eebi s

ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi d ad anaSaul ebi s agan, r o ml ebmac und a mi i Ro n s abo l oo

gad awyvet i l eba i s eTi

r Tul i

s aki Txi s

gar Semo , r o go r i c aa bavSvebi s

meur veo ba, r as ac mud am axl avs Zl i er i vnebebi , d a r o mel Tac uxd ebaT pr o c es i s

mi md i nar eo bi s as mxar eebi s mi er war mo d geni l i s xvad as xva mo s az r ebebi d an er T-

er Ti s aTvi s upi r at es o bi s mi ni Weba.

am s aqmeSi apel ant ebi ki d ev uf r o So r s mi d i an d a yo vel gvar i s i mar Tl i s

gar eSe amt ki c eben, r o m maT ar ao bi eqt ur o bi s Ses axeb d as kvnebi s gakeTebi s

s aSual eba

mi s c a

Tvi To n

mo s amar Tl eebi s a

d a

gener al ur i

ad vo kat i s

pi r o vnebebma, amgvar ad , i s i ni i Wr ebi an am ad ami anebi s pi r ad c xo vr ebaSi , r ac

yo vl ad ar akano ni er i a. gar d a ami s a, aRni Snul i pr o c es i s s agans i mi s d ad gena ki

ar war mo ad gens , Tu r aSi md go mar eo bd a o bi eqt ur i s i namd vi l e i m s aqmeSi ,

r o mel i c Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi s mi er i yo ganxi l ul i , ar amed i s , und a

at ar ebd es Tu ar a s t at i aSi as axul i ko ment ar ebi c i l i s mwamebl ur xas i aTs , r ac

ar c bad ebs r ai me eWvs .

Tumc a apel ant ebi uar s ac xad eben i m f aqt i s aRi ar ebaz e, r o m ar Sei Zl eba

magi s t r at ebi s gai gi veba po l i t i ko s ebTan, r o mel Tac yo vel Tvi s SeuZl i aT

s i t yvi er ad Tu wer i l o bi T, s aTanad o d d a d auyo vnebl i v d ai c van Tavi gamki l avi

pi r ad i Tavd as xmebi s agan d a, Ses abami s ad , nakl ebad ar i an d auc vel ni , vi d r e

magi s t r at ebi , r o mel Tac ami s gakeTebi s ar c uf l eba d a ar c Ses aZl ebl o ba

aqvT .

magi s t r at i s s t at us i r ad i kal ur ad gans xvavd eba s axel mwi f o mo xel i s a d a

po l i t i ko s i s s t at us i s agan. i gi r ai me pr i vi l egi ebs a an t r ad i c i ebs ki ar

eyr d no ba, ar amed i m f aqt s , r o m es gans xvavebul i s t at us i auc i l ebel i a

s amar Tl i s ad mi ni s t r i r ebi s Tvi s , r as ac Tan axl avs ko nkr et ul i amo c anebi d a

pas uxi s mgebl o bebi (i x. f . d i umo ni s , s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o s mTavar i s amef o

10

mr Cevl i s s i t yva axal i i ur i d i ul i s emes t r i s d awyebi s c er emo ni al z e, 1981

wel i , pi r vel i s eqt ember i , gv. 64).

keTi l go ni er ebi s val d ebul ebi s gamo , r o mel s ac magi s t r at ebs s ams axur eo br i vi

mo val eo ba aki s r ebT,

magal i Tad , po l i t i ko s ebs , Tu r o mel i me gaz eTi , r o go r c Cans , f i nans ur ad

mo mgebi an s ens ac i ur ambebs d axar bebul i , Tavs d aes xmi T maT d a l af Si

magi s t r at ebs ar SeuZl i aT Tavi s i se d ac va, r o go r c ,

amo Txvr i s . am SemTxvevaSi apel ant ebi s mi er s apr o c es o s amar Tl i d an mo yvani l i

magal i Tebi d a i ur i d i ul i az r i s uf Ta po l i t i kur SemTxvevebs exeba d a,

Ses abami s ad , aRni Snul s aqmes Tan s aer To ar af er i aqvs .

po l i t i ko s i s agan gans xvavebi T, mo s amar Tl e s akuTar i Tavi s gamar Tl ebi s mi z ni T

ver gamar Tavs s aj ar o po l emi kas i m s aqmi s Ses axeb, r o mel i c man und a

gani xi l o s , as e r o m Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi s mi er

pas uxi s uf l ebi s

gamo uyenebl o ba ar und a i qnes gamo yenebul i apel ant ebi s mi er am ukanas knel Ta

wi naaRmd eg (i x. gans o f van d er mer s ki s , s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o s yo f i l i

mTavar i s amef o mr Cevl i s s i t yva); ar Cevni s gakeTebi s aRni Snul val d ebul ebaz e

kvl av i qna mi Ti Tebul i s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o s mi er (s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o ,

1987 wl i s 14 mai s i , gv. 58).

3. s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o Si

15. bat o nebma d e haes ma d a j i s el s ma gad awyvet i l eba gaas aCi vr es s akas ac i o

s as amar Tl o Si , r o mel mac 1991 wl i s 13 s eqt ember s s aqmi s war mo ebaSi mi Rebaz e

uar i Tqva kano ni er i s af uZvl i T (Pasicrisie, 1992, I, gv. 41).

16. apel ac i i s

mi uker Zo ebel i

pi r vel

t r i bunal i s

s af uZvl ad i s i ni as axel ebd nen d amo uki d ebel i d a

mi er uf l ebi s d ar Rvevas d a Zi r i Tad ad

eyr d no bo d nen ko nvenc i i s me-6 muxl i s 1-el par agr af s. maT mi er war mo d geni l i

ganmar t ebi s Tanaxmad , s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebi s gar kveul i

nawyvet ebi s af uZvl i an eWvs bad ebd a maTi d amwer i s o bi eqt ur o baSi . magal i Tad ,

s i t yvebi - "’humo s ’ ms gavs i pat ar a gaz eTi ", s i t yva "mi qs eva", 1988 wl i s 14

o qt o mbr i s s t at i i d an amo Rebul i nawyvet i d an (i x. par . 24 qvemo T), r o mel i c 1988

wl i s 29 s eqt embr i s gad awyvet i l ebas exebo d a (i x. par . 11 z emo T), punqt uac i a,

magal i Tad , ki Txvi s ni Sani "ant i bur Juaz i ul i s " Semd eg d a ganc xad eba r o m 1988

wl i s 14 o qt o mbr i s s t at i a " und a ganxi l ul i qnes , r o go r c gans akuTr ebi T

uad gi l o d a ar as wo r i mc d el o ba s as amar Tl o s wevr ebz e gavl eni s mo xd eni s a".

apel ant ebi agr eTve Ci o d nen, r o m pr o c es i s aTanad o d ar war mar Tul a, maTi

ganc xad ebi T, s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m s akuTar i Suamd go ml o bi T i s e mi uT i Ta

1988 wl i s 14 o qt o mbr i s s t at i az e, r o m mo pas uxeebs ar c ki mi ec aT aRni Snul

s aki TxTan d akavSi r ebi T Tavi s d ac vi s s aSual eba.

s akas ac i o

s as amar Tl o s mi er

aRni Snul i

mo t i vac i a uar yo f i l

i qna i m

mo s az r ebi T, r o m "mxo l o d

i m f aqt i d an gamo md i nar e, r o m s aapel ac i o

sas amar Tl o s mo s amar Tl eebi Tavi anT gad awyvet i l ebaSi upi r at es o bas ani Weben

er Ti mxar i s mi er war mo d geni l ar gument ebs , ar Sei Zl eba d avas kvnaT, r o m aq

s aqme gvaqvs kano ni T d ad geni l i d ebul ebebi s a d a Zi r i Tad i pr i nc i pebi s

d ar Rvevas Tan, r az ed ac l apar aki a apel ac i i s mo t i vi r ebi s am nawi l Si ". xo l o

r ac Seexeba 1988 wl i s "humo Si " d abeWd i l

s t at i as , mas z e s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o s mo s amar Tl eebs Tavi s i s akuTar i Suamd go ml o bi T ar gaukeTebi aT

mi Ti Teba, vi nai d an apel ac i i s r es po d ent ebi s mi er

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o Si war d geni l ganmar t ebaSi .

i gi

aRni Snul i

i yo

11

17. apel ac i i s meo r e s af uZvl ad bat o nebi d e haes i d a j i s el s i as axel ebd nen

ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s me-8 par agr af i s d ar Rvevas . maTi Tqmi T, d aad anaSaul a

r a i s i ni s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a 1383-e muxl ebi s z o gad i ko nc ef c i i d an

gamo md i nar e, s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m maTi gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s uf l eba

d auqvemd ebar a z o mebs , pi r o bebs , Sez Rud vebs a d a j ar i mebs , r o ml ebi c ar ar i s

gans az Rvr ul i "kano ni s " mi er ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af i s mi xed vi T.

met i c , i mi s d ad geni T, r o m pr es aSi gamo qveynebul i s t at i a und a Sees abamebo d es

s i mar Tl es , ar und a i yo s us af uZvl o d Seur ac xmyo f el i d a pat i vs und a s c emd es

ad ami ani s pi r ad c xo vr ebas , s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m Semo i t ana Sez Rud vebi ,

r o ml ebi c mni Svnel o vnad s c i l d eba i mas , r ac abs o l ut ur ad auc i l ebel i a

d emo kr at i u l s az o gad o ebaSi ; s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s Tao baz e

s aj ar o

d i s put ebi

bevr ad

uf r o

mni Svnel o vani a, vi d r e magi s t r at ebi s

i nt er es ebi , r o d es ac i s i ni kr i t i ki s agan i c aven Tavs (meo r e nawi l i ). d abo l o s ,

s aqmeSi war mo d geni l i mt ki c ebul ebebi T ar s abuTd eba s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s

d as kvna, r o m s ad avo s t at i ebSi i gno r i r ebul i i yo z emo T aRni Snul i Sez Rud vebi

(mes ame nawi l i ).

s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o m ar gai z i ar a apel ac i i s aRni Snul i s af uZvel i , ker Zo d

ki d aad gi na:

"pi r vel nawi l Tan d akavSi r ebi T:

mi i Cnevs , r o m apel ant ebi

pas uxs ageben Tavi anTi s t at i ebi s Sed egebz e,

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s mi er mi Rebul i gad awyvet i l eba eyr d no ba ar a mxo l o d

d as kvnas , r o mel i c nawi l o br i v d as abuTebi s am nawi l Si c ar i s c i t i r ebul i –

r o m apel ant ebma Cai d i nes ar akano ni er i s aqc i el i d a apel ant ebma ver ganmar t es ,

d a gaugebar i a, Tu r at o m mo d i s s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a mi s mo md evno

muxl ebSi

ko nvenc i i s me-8 mu xl i s 1-el

(r o ml i s pr ec ed ent i c aq s ad avo d ar gamxd ar a), ar amed r es po d ent ebi s mi er

wamo yenebul ud avo ar gument s ac , r o m apel ant ebi d amnaSaveni ar i an

mi Ti Tebul i

d anaSaul i s

z o gad i

ko nc ef c i a

wi naaRmd ego baSi

par agr af Tan d a me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af Tan

c i l i s wamebaSi s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s ko d eqs i s 443-e d a mi s i mo md evno muxl ebi s

Tanaxmad .

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l eba mi uTi Tebs , Tu r i s s af uZvel z e i qna

mi Rebul i d as kvna (r o mel i c ar ar i s gapr o t es t ebul i apel ac i i s am nawi l Si ),

r o m apel ant ebs Cad eni l i aqvT d anaSaul i s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 138-e muxl i s

Tanaxmad .

aRni Snul i nawi l i ar i Zl eva d abal i i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o s mi er mi Rebul i

gad awyvet i l ebi s gauqmebi s s af uZvel s d a, Ses abami s ad , ar mi i Reba r o go r c

ar amar Tebul i ar gument i , r o go r c amas r es po d ent ebi amt ki c eben.

meo r e nawi l Tan d akavSi r ebi T:

z emo T mo yvani l i me-10 muxl i s Tanaxmad , pr es i s Tavi s uf l eba "Sei Zl eba

eqvemd ebar ebo d es i s eT Sez Rud vebs , r o mel Tac

gans az Rvr avs kano ni

d a

auc i l ebel i a d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi , s xvaTa uf l ebebi s a an r eput ac i i s

d as ac avad , an s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s uf l ebamo s i l ebi s a d a mi uker Zo ebl o bi s

Ses anar Cunebl ad ".

12

mo s amar Tl eebi s aTvi s s az i ano d gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s uf l ebi s bo r o t ad

gamo yenebi s aTvi s pas uxi s mgebl o bi s s aki Txi s gad awyvet i s as s as amar Tl o und a

Seec ad o s , ar d aar Rvi o s wo nas wo r o ba er Ti s mxr i v, gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s

mo Txo vnebs a d a meo r e mxr i v, ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af i T

gaTval i s wi nebul Sez Rud vebs So r i s .

wi namd ebar e s aqmeSi s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l eba emyar eba i m

mo s az r ebas , r o m apel ant ebi s mxr i d an ad gi l i hqo nd a ad ami ani s uf l ebebi s

d ac vi s a d a Zi r i Tad Tavi s uf l ebaTa ko nvenc i i T gaTval i s wi nebul i gamo xat vi s

Tavi s uf l ebi s bo r o t ad gamo yenebas ar a mxo l o d r es po d ent ebi s pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s xel Seuxebl o bas Tan mi mar TebaSi , ar amed i m s af uZvl i Tac – r o mel i c

ar gamxd ar a d avi s s agani

d amt ki c ebul i , kr i t i ka

-

r o m gamo Tqmul i br al d ebebi ar c yo f i l a

mi mar Tul i i yo ko nkr et ul ad d as axel ebul i

mo s amar Tl eebi s wi naaRmd eg, mo yvani l i f aqt ebi ar i yo mi Rebul i daskvnebi s

r el evant ur i d a gamo Tqmul i br al d ebebi STago nebul i i yo r es po d ent ebi s

pi r ad ad wyeni nebi s a d a maTi r eput ac i i s Sel axvi s s ur vi l i T.

r o go r c gad awyvet i l ebi s t eqs t i d an Cans - r o m "ad ami ani s uf l ebebi s a d a

Zi r i Tad Tavi s uf l ebaTa d ac vi s ko nvenc i i s me-8 muxl i s 1-el i par agr af i s

Tanaxmad , pi r ad i c xo vr ebi s pat i vi s c emi s gar ant i a mo i Txo vs , r o m pr es aSi

gamo qveynebul i s t at i ebi Sees abamebo d es s i mar Tl es , ar und a i yo s us af uZvl o d

Seur ac xmyo f el i d a und a pat i vs s c emd es ad ami ani s pi r ad c xo vr ebas " –

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m gai Tval i s wi na, r o m s aWi r o a wo nas wo r o bi s d ac va

Tavi s uf al i pr es i s i nt er es ebs a d a pi r ad i nt er es ebs So r i s ; Ses abami s ad , mas ar

gad auwyvet i a, r o m s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s Tao baz e s aj ar o

d i s kus i ebi nakl eb mni Svnel o vani a, vi d r e pi r ad i i nt er es ebi , d a ar c r ai me s xva

Sez Rud vebi

d aumat ebi a

i m gamo nakl i s ebi s aTvi s , r ac

mTl i anad

ar i s

gaTval i s wi nebul i me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af Si .

apel ac i i s d as abuTeba am nawi l Si ar i qneba d akmayo f i l ebul i .

mes ame nawi l Tan d akavSi r ebi T:

z emo T aRni Snul i s gaTval i s wi nebi T, mes ame nawi l i s aer To d mo kl ebul i a

s af u Zvel s ".

18. apel ac i i s mes ame punqt Si apel ant ebi ed avebo d nen i m f aqt s , r o m br i us el i s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m uar i ganac xad a gaeTval i s wi nebi na i s mt ki c ebul ebebi ,

r o ml ebi c war d geni l i i yo ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s wi naSe d a neba

d aer To

apel ant ebi s aTvi s , nebi s mi er i s aSual ebi T d aemt ki c ebi naT Tavi anTi

ganc xad ebebi s s i mar Tl e. maT mi er war mo d geni l i ganmar t ebi T, Ses abami s ad ,

d ai r Rva ko nvenc i i s me-6 d a me-10 muxl ebi .

s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o m d aad gi na:

"s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m gad awyvi t a, ar d aekmayo f i l ebi na apel ant ebi s Txo vna

d a ar mi ec a maTTvi s Tavi anTi br al d ebebi s d amt ki c ebi s uf l eba. ker Zo d , uar i

ganac xad a

mt ki c ebul ebebad

d aSvebul i yo

i m s aqmeebi s

d o kument ebi ,

r o ml ebz ed ac mi Rebul i i qna pr es aSi gakr i t i kebul i gad awyvet i l ebebi .

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l eba eyr d no bo d a ar a mxo l o d apel ac i aSi

war mo d geni l d as abuTebas , ar amed d amo uki d ebel , ud avo f aqt ebs : s axel d o br ,

13

r o m apel ant ebma

aRi ar es

magi s t r at ebi s

r eput ac i i s

Sel axva

s r ul i

i nf o r mac i i s f l o bi s gar eSe, r ac , Tavi s Tavad , d anaSaul s war mo ad gens ; r o m

apel ant ebi s mi er mt ki c ebul ebebi s war mo d geni s SeTavaz eba ar ad r o ul i d a

ar aef eqt ur i i yo ; d a r o m s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s xel T hqo nd a mTel i s aWi r o

i nf o r mac i a i mi s gad as awyvet ad , mar Tl a hqo nd a Tu ar a ad gi l i c i l i s wamebas .

apel ac i i s ar gument ac i a ver

as abuTebs d abal i i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o s

gad awyvet i l ebi s gauqmebas d a, Ses abami s ad , ar d akmayo f i l d eba".

s amar Tl ebr i vi mxar e

I.

ganc xad eba me -10 muxl i s d ar Rvevi s Tao baz e

32. apel ant ebi ac xad eben, r o m br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s t r i bunal i s a d a

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l eba war mo ad gens ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s

d ar Rvevas .

33. apel ant ebi s wi naaRmd eg mi Rebul i gad awyvet i l eba ud avo d war mo ad gens maT mi er

gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s ganxo r c i el ebaSi "Car evas ". Car eva gamar Tl ebul i a

i mi T, r o m i gi "kano ni s mier i yo d ad geni l i " d a mi z nad i s axavd a me-10 muxl i s me-

2 par agr af i s s ul mc i r e er Ti kano ni er i mi z ni s mi Rwevas – s xvaTa uf l ebebi s a

d a r eput ac i i s d ac vas , am ko nkr et ul

SemTxvevaSi s aqme exeba pr o c es Si

mo nawi l e mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s uf l ebebs . s as amar Tl o

amas eTanxmeba. Ses abami s ad , und a d ad gi nd es , i yo Tu ar a "Car eva" auc i l ebel i

"d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi " aRni Snul i mi z ni s mi s aRwevad .

34. bat o nebi d e haes i d a j i s el s i aRni Snaven, r o m maTi s t at i ebi d ai wer a s aj ar o

d ebat ebi s ko nt eqs t Si , r o ml i s Ses ax ebac s xva gaz eTebi wer d nen d a r o mel i c

exebo d a f l and r i aSi mo mxd ar i nc es t s a d a i mas , Tu r o go r mi hyavd aT aRni Snul i

s aqme s as amar Tl o mo xel eebs . aRni Snul i s t at i ebi s d awer amd e maT s akmar i s ad

vr c el i gamo Zi eba Caat ar es , gaar kvi es s xvad as xva eqs per t ebi s az r i d a amis

Sed egad maT SeZl es o bi eqt ur i f aqt ebi s s af uZvel z e s t at i ebi s Seqmna.

er Tad er Ti mi z ez i i mi s a, Tu r at o m ar war mo ad gi nes maT s as amar Tl o Si

Tavi anTi

mt ki c ebul eba, gaxl d aT i s , r o m maT ar

s ur d aT Tavi anTi

i nf o r mac i i s wyar o ebi s gamxel a. br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i sa d a saapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o ebi s mi er aRni Snul i d o kument ebi s d aSvebaz e nebi s ar d ar Tva

Tavi s Tavad war mo ad gens me-10 muxl i s d ar Rvevas . aRni Snul i mo s amar Tl eebi s a

d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s maT mi er gakr i t i keba ver gaamar Tl ebd a d aki s r ebul

sasj el s ubr al o d i m mi z ez i T, r o m maTi kr i t i ka ar Sees abamebo d a ant ver peni s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebas . "o bi eqt ur i s i namd vi l i s " d ad gena

s as amar Tl o gad awyvet i l ebaSi s ul ac ar ni Snavs i mas , r o m r o mel i me s xva

mo s az r eba mc d ar ad und a Cai Tval o s , r o d es ac s aqme exeba pr es i s Tavisuf l ebi s

ganxo r c i el ebi s anal i z s . s wo r ed es mo xd a aRni Snul s aqmeSi , Tumc a s ad avo

s t at i ebi emyar ebo d a s akmar i s o bi eqt ur i nf o r mac i as . mo kl ed r o m vTqvaT,

Car eva, r o mel i c gas aCi vr ebul i i qna, ar

s az o gad o ebaSi .

i yo auc i l ebel i d emo kr at i ul

35. ko mi s i i s mi er aRni S nul i ar gument i ar s ebi Tad mi Rebul i i qna.

36. mTavr o ba aRni Snavs , r o m s ad avo s t at i ebi So r s i yo bel gi aSi s as amar Tl o s

s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s Ses axeb s aj ar o d i s kus i ebi s s t i mul i r ebi s agan; maT

Zi r i Tad mi z ans war mo ad gend a

ant ver peni s mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i

14

ad vo kat i s wi naaRmd eg mi mar Tul i pi r ad i Seur ac xyo f a d a, Ses abami s ad , ar

i ms axur ebd nen i m gans akuTr ebul mf ar vel o bas , r o ml i Tac s ar gebl o bs

po l i t i kur i Sexed ul ebebi . Jur nal i s t ebi s mi er gamo Tqmul i mo s az r ebebi ver

i s ar gebl eben r amenai r i i muni t et i T i mi s gamo , r o m maTi mo s az r ebebi s s i z us t i s

Semo wmeba SeuZl ebel i a. am s aqmeSi s t at i ebi s avt o r ebs d aeki s r aT s as j el i ,

vi nai d an maT gad aabi j es d aSvebul i kr i t i ki s f ar gl ebs . s r ul i ad Ses aZl ebel i

i qnebo d a s as amar Tl o s mi er bat o ni X-i s s aqmi s ms vl el o bi s gakr i t i keba

mo s amar Tl eebs a d a gener al ur ad vo kat z e pi r o vnul i Tavd as xmebi s gar eSe d a

maTi ar ao bi eqt ur o bas a d a "d amo uki d ebl o bi s nakl ebo baSi " d ad anaSaul ebi s

gar eSe. amas Tan d akavSi r ebi T i s i c und a gavi Tval i s wi no T, r o m magi s t r at ebz e

d aki s r ebul i wi nd axed ul ebi s a d a s i f r Txi l i s mo val eo ba ar aZl evs maT

s aSual ebas , r eagi r eba mo axd i no n d a d ai c van Tavi , r o go r c es , magal i Tad ,

po l i t i ko s ebs SeuZl i aT.

37. s as amar Tl o xaz s us vams , r o m pr es a mni Svnel o van r o l s TamaSo bs d emo kr at i ul

s az o gad o ebaSi .

gans aku Tr ebi T s xvaTa uf l ebebTan d a r eput ac i as Tan d akavSi r ebi T,

mo val eo bas war mo ad gens mi s val d ebul ebebTan d a pas uxi s mgebl o bas Tan

Tumc a man ar

und a gad aabi j o s gar kveul

f ar gl ebs ,

mi s

–

Ses abami s ad – mo s az r ebebi s a d a i nf o r mac i i s gac ema s az o gad o ebr i vi i nt er es i s

mqo ne nebi s mi er s aki TxTan d akavSi r ebi T, s as amar Tl o si s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s

CaTvl i T. s as amar Tl o ebi – s amar Tl i s gar ant ebi , r o mel Tac gans akuTr ebul i

r o l i eni WebaT s axel mwi f o Si , s ad ac kano ni s uz enaes o baa, s az o gad o ebi s nd o bi T

und a s ar gebl o bd nen. Ses abami s ad , i s i ni d ac ul i und a i yvnen d es t r uqc i ul i d a

us af uZvl o

Tavd as xmebi s agan, gans akuTr ebi T

i mi s

gaTval i s wi nebi T, r o m

mo s amar Tl eebs aki s r i aT keTi l go ni er ebi s mo val eo ba, r ac maT ar aZl evs

kr i t i kaz e r eagi r ebi s s aSual ebas .

am, i s eve r o go r c s xva, SemTxvevaSi , s wo r ed s axel mwi f o xel i s uf l ebam und a

gad awyvi t os , ar i s

Tu

ar a

s aWi r o

Car eva

gamo xat vi s

Tavi s uf l ebi s

ganxo r c i el ebi s as . Tumc a, amas Tan mi mar TebaSi mi s mi er ganxo r c i el ebul i

qmed eba eqvemd ebar eba evr o pi s z ed amxed vel o bas , r o go r c kano nmd ebl o bi s , i s e

kano nmd ebl o bi s gamo myenebel gad awyvet i l ebebs , i m SemTxvevebSi c ki , r o d es ac

aRni Snul i

gad awyvet i l ebebi

d amo uki d ebel i

s as amar Tl o ebi s

mi er

ar i s

mi Rebul i (i x. mutatis mutandis, pr ager i d a o ber Sl i ki avs t r i i s wi naaRmd eg, 1995

wl i s 26 apr i l i s gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a A # . 313, gv. 17-18. par . 34-35).

38.

s as amar Tl o

aRni Snavs ,

r o m apel ant ebi s

wi naaRmd eg

gamo t ani l i

gad awyvet i l eba emyar ebo d a yvel a i m s t at i as , r o ml ebi c 1986 wl i s 26 i vni s i d an

7 no embr amd e d ai beWd a X-i s s aqmi s s aki Txebz e. es gaTval i s wi nebul i und a i yo s

gas aCi vr ebul i Car evi s auc i l ebl o bi s a d a mas St abi s Sef as ebi s as .

39. s t at i ebi Sei c avs uamr av d et al ur i nf o r mac i as i m gar emo ebebi s Ses axeb,

r o ml ebSi c mi Rebul i qna gad awyvet i l eba b-ni X-i s bavSvebi s meur veo bi s

Tao baz e. aRni Snul i i nf o r mac i a emyar ebo d a b-ni X-i s wi naaRmd eg br al d ebebi s a

d a i m eqs per t Ta mo s az r ebebi s s er i o z ul kvl evebs , r o ml ebi c ganmc xad ebl ebs

awvd i d nen i nf o r mac i as bavSvebi s i nt er es ebi d an gamo md i nar e. Tvi T ant ver peni s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o c ki ad gens , r o m "bat o ni X-i s meuRl esa d a meuRl i s

mSo bl ebs , r o mel Ta wi naaRmd eg aRi Zr a s aqme kr i mi nal ur i c i l i s wamebi s aTvi s ,

ar hqo nd aT mi z ez i, eWvi Seet anaT br al d ebebi s s i mar Tl eSi " (i x. par . 8).

aqed an gamo md i nar e, ar Sei Zl eba ganmc xad ebl ebi s d ad anaSaul eba i maSi , r o m maT

Ti Tqo s d a uRal at es Tavi anT pr o f es i ul val d ebul ebas , r o d es ac gamo aqveynes

i s , r ac Tvi To n Sei t yves aRni Snul i s aqmi s Ses axeb. pr es i s mo val eo bas

15

war mo ad gens i nf o r mac i i s a d a mo s az r ebebi s

s ai nt er es o s aki Txebz e. d a, as eve, s az o gad o ebas ac aqvs maTi mi Rebi s uf l eba (i x.,

magal i Tad , j er s i l d i d ani i s wi naaRmd eg, 1994 wl i s 23 s eqt embr i s

gad ac ema s az o gad o ebi s aTvi s

gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a A, # 298, kv. 23, par . 31; gud vi ni gaer Ti anebul i s amef o s

wi naaRmd eg, 1996 wl i s 27 mar t i s gad awyvet i l ebaTa nakr ebi , 1996 –II, gv. 500. par .

39). es gans akuTr ebi T mar Tal i a aRni Snul

br al d ebebi s s er i o z ul o bi d an gamo md i nar e, r o c a s aqme exeba r o go r c bavSvebi s

bed s , i s e ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebas . met i c ,

SemTxvevas Tan d akavSi r ebi T

ganmc xad ebl ebs am kuTxi T abs o l ut ur ad naTel i po z i c i a ukavi aT, r o d es ac 1986

wl i s 18 s eqt embr i s s t at i aSi wer en: "pr es am namd vi l ad ar und a mo axd i no s

mo s amar Tl i s r o l i s uz ur pac i a, magr am am s kand al ur s i t uac i aSi SeuZl ebel i

d a d auSvebel i a Cveni d umi l i " (i x. par . 21).

40. met i c , aRs ani Snavi a, r o m mo s amar Tl eebs a d a gener al ur ad vo kat s , r o ml ebs ac

mi hyavd aT

s as amar Tl o ebSi ar c wer i l o bi T d a ar c z epi r ar gument ac i aSi ar d auyenebi aT

eWvqveS X-i s bavSvebi s bed i s Ses axeb gamo qveynebul i i nf o r mac i a, gar d a i m

pr o c es i ,

br i us el i s

pi r vel i

i ns t anc i i s a

d a

s aapel ac i o

ganc xad ebi s a, r o m aRni Snul i s aqme gamo t ani l i i qna ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o d an

(i x. par . 22 d a 23). magr am am ukanas knel i punqt i s mni Svnel o ba mTel s ad avo

s aki TxTan

Sed ar ebi T d a Tvi T i s f aqt i c , r o m ganmc xad ebl ebma Tvi To nve

Seas wo r es aRni Snul i gac xad eba, met yvel ebs i maz e, r o m es i nc i d ent i eWvqveS

ver d aayenebs Jur nal i s t ebi s s amuSao s s and o o bas .

41. f aqt o br i vad , mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s s ar Cel i exeba

mxo l o d pi r o vnul Tavd as xmebs , r o ml ebs ac , maTi ve az r i T, i s i ni gani c d i d nen X-

i s bavSvebi s meur veo bi s s aqmez e Jur nal i s t ebi s ko ment ar ebi s Sed egad . maTi

s i t yvebi T, ganmc xad ebl ebi s Seni Svnebi maTi ar ao bi eqt ur o bi s a d a l aCr o bi s

Tao baz e c i l i s mwamebl ur i gaxl d aT d a war mo ad gend a maTi pat i o s nebi s

xel yo f as . Semd go mSi ganmc xad ebl ebi

gamo xat ul uki d ur es memar j vene

s er i o z ul ad ar Rvevd nen maTi pi r ad i c xo vr ebi s xel Seuxebl o bas .

o r maTgans ad anaSaul ebd nen aSkar ad

po l i t i kur s i mpaTi ebSi d a amr i gad

br i u s el i s s as amar Tl o ebi s mi er aRni Snul i ar gument ac i a ar s ebi Tad mi Rebul

i qna (i x. par . 11 d a 14). s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m ganmc xad ebl ebi d amnaSaved c no

pr o c es ebSi mo nawi l e mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s pi r ad i

c xo vr ebi s

d as kvnebi s gakeTebi s aTvi s , s ad ac i s i ni am ukanas knel T b-ni X-i s bavSvebi s

s aqmi s wayvani s as ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi s d ebd nen br al s . s as amar Tl o

gad awyvet i l eba as e JRer d a:

Ses axeb d aumt ki c ebel i

ganc xad ebebi s a d a

c i l i s mwamebl ur i

"am s aqmeSi apel ant ebi ki d ev uf r o So r s mi d i an d a yo vel gvar i s i mar Tl i s

gar eSe amt ki c eben, r o m maT ar ao bi eqt ur o bi s Ses axeb d as kvnebi s gakeTebi s

s aSual eba

mi s c a

Tvi To n

mo s amar Tl eebi s a

d a

gener al ur i

ad vo kat i s

pi r o vnebebma, d a amgvar ad i s i ni i Wr ebi an am ad ami anebi s pi r ad c xo vr ebaSi , r ac

yo vl ad ar akano ni er i a. gar d a ami s a, aRni Snul i pr o c es i s s agans i mi s d ad gena ki

ar war mo ad gens , Tu r aSi md go mar eo bd a o bi eqt ur i s i namd vi l e i m s aqmeSi ,

r o mel i c Tavd api r vel i mo s ar Cl eebi s mi er i yo ganxi l ul i , ar amed i s , at ar ebs

Tu ar a s t at i aSi as axul i ko ment ar ebi c i l i s mwamebl ur xas i aTs , r ac ar c

bad ebs r ai me eWvs " (i x. par . 14).

42. s as amar Tl o xaz s us vams , r o m s aWi r o a s i f r Txi l e f aqt ebi s a d a Ri r ebul i

mo s az r ebebi s gami j vni s as . f aqt ebi s ar s ebo bi s d emo ns t r i r eba Sei Zl eba, xo l o

16

Ri r ebul i mo s az r ebebi s ar d amt ki c eba ar xer xd eba (i x. l i ngens i avs t r i i s

wi naaRmd eg, 1986 wl i s 8 i vl i s i s gad awyvet i l eba # 103, gv, 28, par . 46).

43. r ac Seexeba, upi r vel es yo vl i s a, pr o c es Si mo nawi l e

gener al ur i ad vo kat i s po l i t i kur s i mpaTi ebs , und a aRi ni Sno s , r o m br i us el i s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o ad gens : "apel ant ebs ki d ec r o m s wamd eT, r o m

mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a

r es po d ent ebs Sei Zl eba mi ewer o s gar kveul i i d eo l o gi ur i Sexed ul ebebi (r i s i

d amt ki c ebac maT ver SeZl es ), maT uf l eba ar aqvT, aRni Snul i Sexed ul ebebi d an

– ki d evac r o m mo xer xebul i yo maTi d amt ki c eba – mar t i vad gamo et anaT d as kvna,

r o m mo s amar Tl eebi d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i mi ker Zo ebul ebi i yvnen d a es f aqt i

s aj ar o d gaeki c xaT" (i x. par . 14).

aqed an Cans , r o m aRni Snul i br al d ebebi z us t i c r o m yo f i l i yo , ganmc xad ebl ebs

mai nc d amnaSaved c no bd nen, r ad gan z emo T aRni Snul i exeba ar a i md enad

wayenebul

br al d ebebs , r amd enad ac Jur nal i s t ebi s mi er aRni Snul

Temaz e

gamo Tqmul ko ment ar ebs .

44. Tu i m i nf o r mac i as , r o mel i c ganmc xad ebl ebma mo i po ves b-ni X-i s mi er

s akuTar bavSvebTan mo pyr o bi s Ses axeb, r o mel i c Tavi s Tavad amar Tl ebs

mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s mi er an maTi d axmar ebi T mi Rebul i

gad awyvet i l ebebi s kr i t i kas , d avumat ebT f aqt ebs aRni Snul i pi r ebi s

po l i t i kur i Sexed ul ebebi s Ses axeb (ganmc xad ebl ebs s wamd aT, r o m maT SeeZl o T

mo s ar Cl eebi s am po l i t i kur Sexed ul ebebSi d ad anaSaul eba), maSi n aRni Snul i

pi r ebi s po l i t i kur i s i mpaT i ebi Sei Zl eba ganvi xi l o T, r o go r c i m mo s az r ebi s

d amaj er ebl o bi s gas aZl i er ebel i f aqt o r i , r o m maTi s i mpaTi ebi ar gaxl d aT

i r el evant ur i mi Rebul i s as amar Tl o gad awyvet i l ebebi s Tvi s .

44. xs enebul po l i t i kur s i mpaTi ebz e er T -er Ti mi ni Sneba d auSvebel i a – es gaxl avT

er T -er Ti mo s amar Tl i s mami s war s ul i (i x. par . 19). d auSvebel i a, r o m vi nme i yo s

d agmo bi l i mi s i o j axi s wevr Tan d akavSi r ebul i s aqmeebi s gamo . s as j el i

Sei Zl eba gamar Tl ebul i yo f i l i yo Tavi s Tavad am mi ni Snebi s gamo .

magr am es s aqmi s mxo l o d er T el ement s war mo ad gens . ganmc xad ebl ebi d amnaSaved

c nes mTel i i m ganc xad ebebi s gamo , s ad ac es ukanas knel ni mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a

gener al ur ad vo kat s ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi ad anaSaul ebd nen.

46. amas Tan d akavSi r ebi T, sas amar Tl o xaz s us vams , r o m gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l eba

exeba ar a mxo l o d i m "i nf o r mac i as a" d a "mo s az r ebebs ", r o ml ebi c kar gad an

gul gr i l ad ar i s mi Rebul i , an ar ar i s CaTvl i l i Seur ac xmyo f el ad , ar amed i m

"i nf o r mac i as a" d a "mo s az r ebebs ac ", r o ml ebi c Seur ac xmyo f el i , Semawuxebel i

d a gamao gnebel i a s axel mwi f o s a d a s az o gad o ebi s r o mel i me nawi l i s aTvi s .

gar d a ami s a, Jur nal i s t ur i Tavi s uf l eba i Tval i s wi nebs gaz vi ad ebas a d a

z o gj er pr o vo kac i as ac ki (i x., mutatis mutandis, pr ager i d a o ber Sl i ki avst r i i s

wi naaRmd eg, 1995 wl i s 26 apr i l i s gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a A. # . 313, gv. 19. par . 38).

47. s aqmi s ko nt eqs t i d an gamo md i nar e, br al d ebebi war mo ad gens mo s az r ebas , r o ml i s

WeSmar i t ebi s d amt ki c eba, gans az Rvr ebi s Tanaxmad , SeuZl ebel i a.

Tumc a

Sei Zl eba, r o m amgvar i mo s az r eba gad aWar bebul i i yo s , gans akuTr ebi T Tu i gi

mo kl ebul i a f aqt o br i v s af uZvel s , magr am am SemTxvevaSi s aqme as e ar ar i s ;

ami T wi namd ebar e s aqme gans xvavd eba pr ager i s a d a o ber s kl i ki s s aqmi s agan (i x.,

mutatis mutandis, pr ager i d a o ber s kl i ki avs t r i i s wi naaRmd eg, 1995 wl i s 26

apr i l i s gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a A # . 313, gv. 18. par . 37).

17

48. Tumc a bat o nebi s d e haes i s a d a j i s el s i s ko ment ar ebi ud avo d met i s met ad

kr i t i kul i a, i s i ni s avs ebi T Sees abameba i m aRSf o Tebas a d a Co Cqo l s , r ac

s t at i ebSi as axul ma br al d ebebma gamo i wvi a. r ac

Seexeba Jur nal i s t ebi s

agr es i ul d a po l emi kur t o ns , r as s as amar Tl o m ar mo i wo na, ar und a

d agvavi wyd es , r o m muxl i 10 i c avs ar a mxo l o d gamo xat ul i i nf o r mac i i s a d a

mo s az r ebebi s ar s s , ar amed , maTi gamo xat vi s f o r mas ac (i x. yvel az e uf r o

gvi and el i avt o r i t et i , j er s i l d i s gad awyvet i l eba, gv. 23. par . 31).

49. d abo l o s , s aqmi s vi Tar ebi s a d a s as wo r z e d ad ebul i as peqt ebi s s er i o z ul o bi s

gaTval i s wi nebi T

s as amar Tl o

Tvl i s , r o m ver

i qna d emo ns t r ir ebul i

ganmc xad ebl ebi s mi er

gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s ganxo r c i el ebaSi Car evi s

auc i l ebl o ba, gar d a er T -er Ti mo s amar Tl i s mami s war s ul z e mi ni Snebi s a (i x.

par . 45).

Ses abami s ad , ad gi l i aqvs me-10 mu xl i s d ar Rvevas .

II.

ganc xad eba me -6 mu xl i s 1-el i par agr af i s d ar Rvevi s Tao baz e

50. ganmc xad ebl ebi s ar Cel Si agr eTve mi uTi Teben ko nvenc i i s me-6 mu xl i s 1-el i

par agr af i s d ar Rvevaz e, r o mel i c ad gens : ' "s amo qal aqo uf l ebebi s a d a

val d ebul ebebi s gans az Rvr i s as yvel as aqvs o bi eqt ur i t r i bunal i s mi er

s amar Tl i ani ganxi l vi s uf l eba"... upi r vel es yo vl i s a, i s i ni akr i t i keben

br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s d a s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s i mi s gamo , r o m

aRni Snul ma s as amar Tl o ebma uar i ganac xad es s ad avo s t at i ebTan d akavSi r ebul i

d o kument ebi s war mo d geni s d aSvebaz e d a mo wmeebi s d aki Txvaz e (z o gi er Ti s

mai nc ) (i x. par . 10 d a 12). ganmc xad ebl ebi s s i t yvebi T, aRni Snul ma gar emo ebam

gamo i wvi a Zal Ta uTanabr o ba er Ti s mxr i v, mo s amar Tl eebs a d a gener al ur

ad vo kat s a d a meo r e mxr i v, Jur nal i s t ebs

So r i s , r o mel Tac

mxo l o d

Sez Rud ul i s aSual ebebi T SeeZl o T r eal ur i s ur aTi s aRd gena.

gar d a ami s a, 1988 wl i s 14 o qt o mbr i s s t at i i s gamo bat o nebi s d e haes i s a d a

j i s el s i s wi naaRmd eg pr o c es Si (i x. par . 24) br i us el i s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m

gani xi l a s aki Txebi , r o ml ebi c mi s wi naSe war d geni l i ar yo f i l a, vi nai d an

aRni Snul s t at i aSi gakr i t i kebul i mo s amar Tl eebi ar war mo ad gend nen mxar es

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s mi er ganxi l ul s aqmeSi d a maTi gad awyvet i l eba ar

i yo aRni Snul i Tavd api r vel s as ar Cel o ganc xad ebaSi . Ses abami s ad , s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o m amo s aval

wer t i l ad ai Ro f aqt i , r o mel i c ar war mo ad gend a

d api r i s pi r ebul i kamaTi s s agans d a, Ses abami s ad , gad auxvi a s aTanad o pr o c es i s

wes i d an.

d abo l o s , br i us el i s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebaSi gamo yenebul i

d amamc i r ebel i t er mi nebi met yvel ebs i maz e, r o m aq Si nagan ar ao bi eqt ur o bas Tan

gvaqvs s aqme.

51. ko mi s i am ar s ebi Tad gai z i ar a ganmc xad ebl ebi s mo s az r eba Zal Ta uTanabr o bi s a

d a s aTanad o pr o c es i s d ar Rvevi s Tao baz e. man s aWi r o d ar CaTval a gamo eTqva

mo s az r eba br i us el i s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s ar ao bi eqt ur o baz e.

52. mTavr o ba ganmar t avs , r o m Jur nal i s t ebi s mi er

war s ad genad mo Txo vni l i

mt ki c ebul ebebi gaTvl i l i i yo i mi s aTvi s , r o m eWvqveS d aeyenebi na bat o n X-i s a

d a mi s i meuRl i s pr o c es z e mi Rebul i gad awyvet i l eba, r ac res judicata-s

war mo ad gens . Ses abami s ad , br i us el i s s as amar Tl o s hqo nd a amaz e uar i s Tqmi s

18

uf l eba, vi nai d an "s amar Tl ebr i vi WeSmar i t eba" abs o l ut ur ad naTl ad Cand a

bat o ni X-i s s aqmi s gad awyvet i l ebi d an. mo kl ed , mt ki c ebul ebi s war mo d gena

aRni Snul s aqmeSi ar i qna CaTvl i l i gad amwyvet ad d a s akas ac i o s as amar Tl o m

gai z i ar a aRni Snul i Sexed ul eba. r ac Seexeba s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s mi er

1988 wl i s 14 o qt o mbr i s s t at i az e mi ni Snebas , es s r ul i ad z ed met i gaxl d aT,

vi nai d an ganmc xad ebl ebi s wi naaRmd eg gad awyvet i l ebas , Zi r i Tad ad , s ul

s xva

s af uZvel i hqo nd a. pr o c es S i mo nawi l e mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i

ad vo kat i s mi er aRni Snul s t at i az e mi ni Snebebi mi z nad i s axavd a ar a s akuTar

s ar Cel Si c vl i l ebebi s Set anas , ar amed bat o nebi s d e haes i s a d a j i s el s i s

Seur i gebel i mt r o bi s aTvi s xaz i s gas mas .

53. s as amar Tl o xaz s us vams , r o m Zal Ta uTanabr o ba – s amar Tl i ani s as amar Tl o

pr o c es i s f ar To c nebi s er T -er Ti ko mpo nent i – mo i Txo vs, r o m yo vel mxar es

mi ec es Tavi s i s aqmi s i s eT pi r o bebSi war mo d geni s s aTanad o s aSual eba, r o m i gi

ar i yo s Tavi s o po nent Tan Sed ar ebi T aSkar ad wamgebi an po z i c i aSi (i x., inter alia

anker l i Svei c ar i i s wi naaRmd eg, 1996 wl i s

mo xs enebebi 1996-V, gv. 1565-66, par . 38).

3

o qt o mbr i s gad awyvet i l eba,

54. s as amar Tl o aRni Snavs , r o m mo s amar Tl eebma d a gener al ur ma ad vo kat ma

br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s a d a s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o Si war d geni l

ar gument ac i aSi mi uTi Tes , inter alia, r o m "humo Si " gamo qveynebul i maT wi naaRmd eg

mi mar Tul i kr i t i ka ar eyr d no bo d a ar c s aqmi s f aqt ebs d a ar c am s aqmez e maT

mi er an maTi d axmar ebi T gamo t ani l

o Tx gad awyvet i l ebas , r o ml ebi c ar c

gamxd ar a d avi s s agani . amr i gad , i m mi z ni T, r o m d aed as t ur ebi na Jur nal i s t ebi s

ar gument ebi s us af uZvl o ba, maT mi uTi Tes i m s aqmi s Si naar s z e, r o mel i c Tavad

mi hyavd aT d a agr eTve am s aqmi s gad awyvet i l ebebi s Si naar s z e.

es ganc xad eba i m f o r mi T, r o go r c es s aqmeSi mo nawi l e mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a

gener al ur i ad vo kat i s mi er i yo gakeTebul i , i md enad d amaj er ebl ad JRer d a,

r o m mi s i gapr o t es t eba s as amar Tl o Si met ad Znel i i qnebo d a, Tuki mo pas uxeebi

ver war mo ad gend nen aRni Snul s aki TxTan d akavSi r ebi T s aTanad o d o kument ac i i s

nawi l s mai nc an mo wmeebi s mt ki c ebu l ebebs .

55. amas Tan d akavSi r ebi T, s as amar Tl o ar

i z i ar ebs br i us el i s s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o s mo s az r ebas , r o m d o kument ac i i s war mo d geni s mo Txo vna uCvenebd a,

Tu r amd enad d auf i qr ebl ad mo i qc nen d e haes i d a j i s el s i s t at i ebi s d awer i s as .

s as amar Tl o Tvl i s , r o m Jur nal is t ebi s s ur vi l i , Tavi s Tan SeenaxaT aRni Snul i

d o kument ac i a Tavi anTi i nf o r mac i i s wyar o s ko mpr o met i r ebi s agan d ac vi s mi z ni T,

abs o l ut ur ad kano ni er i i yo (i x., mutatis mutandis, gud vi ni s z emo xs enebul i

gad awyvet i l eba, gv. 505, par . 45). met i c , maTi s t at i ebi Sei c avs i md en d et al s X-

i s bavSvebi s bed z e d a maTi mi er gavl i l s amed i c i no Semo wmebebi s Sed egebz e,

r o m yo vl ad SeuZl ebel i a i mi s d aSveba, Ti Tqo s d a avt o r ebs r ai me s aTanad o

i nf o r mac i a mai nc ar gaaCnd aT.

56. agr eTve und a aRni Sno s , r o m Jur nal i s t ebi s ar gument i ar Sei Zl eba mTl ad

us af uZvl o d Cai Tval o s , vi nai d an mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s

mi er

ganmc xad ebl ebi s wi naaRmd eg s aqmi s aRZvr amd e ant ver peni s pi r vel i

i ns t anc i i s a d a s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m d aad gi na, r o m b-ni X-i s mi er s akuTar i

meuRl i s a d a meuRl i s mSo bl ebi s wi naaRmd eg c i l i s wamebi s Ses axeb Set ani l

s aqmeSi mo pas uxeebs ar hqo nd aT mi z ez i , eWvi Seet anaT s akuTar i br al d ebebi s

s i mar Tl eSi (i x. par . 8).

57. nebi s mi er

SemTxvevaSi , mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s mi er

ganmc xad ebl ebi s wi naaRmd eg war mar Tul pr o c es Si s aqme exebo d a ar a b-ni X-i s

19

s aqmi s s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l ebi s ar s ebi T mxar es , ar amed mxo l o d i m

s aki Txebs , hqo nd aT Tu ar a aRni Snul gar emo ebebSi ganmc xad ebl ebs i mgvar ad

gamo xat vi s Tavi suf l eba, r o go r c maT es ganaxo r c i el es . aRni Snul Seki Txvaz e

pas u xi s gas ac emad ar i yo auc i l ebel i bat o n X-i s s aqmes Tan d akavSi r ebul i

mTel i d o kument ac i i s war mo d gena, s akmar i s i i qnebo d a mxo l o d i s s abuTebi ,

r o ml ebi c

amt ki c ebd a an ar

amt ki c ebd a ganmc xad ebl ebi s

br al d ebebi s

s i mar Tl es .

58. s wo r ed amgvar i f o r mi T war ad gi nes Tavi anTi ganac xad i bat o nebma d e haesma d a

j i s el s ma. maT br i us el i s pi r vel i i ns t anc i i s a d a s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s

s Txo ves i m s ami pr o f es o r i s mo s az r ebebi s Ses wavl a, r o mel Ta d as kvnebi s

s af uZvel z ec d awer es Tavi anTi s t at i ebi (i x. par 10). aRni Snul i ganc xad ebaz e

uar i s gamo Jur nal i s t ebi s mo s ar Cl eebTan Sed ar ebi T gac i l ebi T wamgebi an

s i t uac i aSi aRmo Cnd nen.

pr i nc i pi s d ar Rvevas .

Ses abami s ad , aq ad gi l i aqvs Zal Ta Tanas wo r o bi s

59. Tavi s Tavad es f aqt i ukve war mo ad gens me-6 mu xl i s 1-el i par agr af i s d ar Rvevas .

Ses abami s ad , s as amar Tl o ar mi i Cnevs s aWi r o d ganmc xad ebl ebi s mi er

gas aCi vr ebul i aRni Snul i d ebul ebi T gans az Rvr ul i s xva s aki Txebi s ganxi l vas .

aRni Snul i mi z ez ebi s gamo s as amar Tl o

1. ad gens Svi d i xmi T o r i s wi naaRmd eg, r o m ad gi l i aqvs ko nvenc i i s me-10

muxl i s d ar Rvevas ;

2. er Ts ul o vnad ad gens , r o m ad gi l i aqvs ko nvenc i i s me-6 muxl i s 1-el i

par agr af i s d ar Rvevas ;

3. er Ts ul o vnad ad gens , r o m r es po d ent ma s axel mwi f o m und a gad auxad o s

ganmc xad ebl ebs

s ami

Tvi s

ganmavl o baSi

113,101

bel gi ur i

f r anki

mat er i al ur i z ar al i s aTvi s d a 851,697 f r anki xar j ebi s d as af ar ad ; aRni Snul

Tanxebz e wl i ur i 7 mar t i vi pr o c ent i gad as axd el i i qneba aRni Snul i s ami

Tvi s gas vl i s Semd eg d a angar i Ss wo r ebamd e.

4. er Ts ul o vnad

ad gens ,

r o m wi namd ebar e

gad awyvet i l eba,

Tavi s Tavad ,

war mo ad gens s akmar i s s amar Tl i an d akmayo f i l ebas ar amat er i al ur z ar al Tan

mi mar TebaSi .

mo s amar Tl e mat Cer i s nawi l o br i v gans xvavebul i mo s az r eba

me ver veTanxmebi pal at i s wevr Ta umr avl es o bi s mo s az r ebas , r o m ad gi l i

aqvs me-10 muxl i s d ar Rvevas . Tumc a s r ul ad vi z i ar eb i mas , r as ac pal at a

ad gens gamo xat vi s

d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi pr es i s Tavi s uf l ebi s mni Svnel o bi s Tao baz e,

vf i qr o b, r o m pal at am ver SeZl o i m f ar gl ebi s gaaz r eba, r ac mo hyveba

Tavi s uf l ebas Tan d akavSi r ebi T, gans akuTr ebi T

ki

amgvar

d emo kr at i ul

d akavSi r ebul

Tavi s uf l ebas

d a

r ac

as eve

mni Svnel o vani a

Cans , pr es i s

c i vi l i z ebul

Tavi s uf l ebas Tan

s az o gad o ebaSi . r o go r c

"mo val eo bebs a d a pas uxi s mgebl o bebz e" me-10 mu xl i s me-2

par agr af i T gans az Rvr ul

s apr o c es o s amar Tal Si .

mi ni Snebas d i d i wo na ar aqvs s as amar Tl o s

20

wi namd ebar e s aqmez e aRni Snul i pr i nc i pebi s mi yenebi s s af uZvel z e vakeTeb

Semd eg d as kvnebs :

ganmc xad ebl ebs uf l eba hqo nd aT gaekr i t i kebi naT ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o s gad awyvet i l eba bat o ni X -s Tvi s bavSvebz e meur veo bi s mi ni Webi s

Tao baz e, vi nai d an maTTvi s

xel mi s awvd o mi

i nf o r mac i i s

s af uZvel z e

gad awyvet i l ebi s umkac r es i gaki c xva gamar Tl ebul i i yo ; s aqmi s gar emo ebebi s

gaTval i s wi nebi T namd vi l ad kano ni er i i yo i m s aki Txi s wamo Wr a, Tu r o go r

SeeZl o aRni Snul s as amar Tl o s amgvar i gad awyvet i l ebi s mi Reba.

vf i qr o b, r o m pr es i s s t at i ebi s d anaSaul i , r amac gamo i wvi a ganmc xad ebl ebz e

j ar i mi s

–

T u mc a ki no mi nal ur i j ar i mi s

–

d awes eba, gamo i xat eba

mo s amar Tl eebi ganz r ax

i ns i nuac i ebSi , Ti Tqo s d a s aqmi s ganmxi l vel i

ar akeTi l s i nd i s i er ad mo qmed ebd nen Tavi anTi po l i t i kur i Tu i d eo l o gi ur i

s i mpaTi ebi s gamo d a amr i gad d aar Rvi es Tavi anTi d amo uki d ebl o bi s a d a

mi u ker Zo ebl o bi s val d ebul eba ms gavs i po l i t i kur i Sexed ul ebebi s mqo ne

pi r i s

i nt er es ebi s

d ac vi s

mi z ni T. aRni Snul i

i ns i nuac i a

ar af r i T

s abuTd ebo d a, ki d evac r o m d ad geni l i yo f i l i yo aRni Snul i mo s amar Tl eebi s

po l i t i kur i Sexed ul ebebi .

aRni Snul

gar emo ebebSi

Car eva, r as ac

war mo ad gend a ganmc xad ebl ebi s

wi naaRmd eg mi Rebul i gad awyvet i l eba, "auc i l ebel i " i yo d emo kr at i ul

s az o gad o ebaSi me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af i s gans az Rvr i s Tanaxmad d a ar

war mo ad gend a Seus abamo bas .

mo s amar Tl e mo r eni l as nawi l o br i v gans xvavebul i mo s az r eba

1. s amwu xar o d , ver veTanxmebi pal at i s wevr Ta umr avl es o bi s mo s az r ebas , r o m

ad gi l i aqvs me-10 muxl i s d ar Rvevas . Cemi az r i T, bel gi i s s amo qal aqo

s as amar Tl o ebi s mi er ganmc xad ebl ebi s wi naaRmd eg mi Rebul i gad awyvet i l eba

c i l i s wamebi s aTvi s

auc i l ebel i

i yo

d emo kr at i ul

s az o gad o ebaSi

d a

s r ul i ad Sees abamebo d a me-10 muxl i s me-2 par agr af i s Si naar s s .

br i us el i s pi r vel i

s as amar Tl o s a d a s akas ac i o

i ns t anc i i s s as amar Tl o s , br i us el i s s aapel ac i o

s as amar Tl o s s ad avo gad awyvet i l ebebSi

mo pasuxeebi – bat o nebi d a haes i d a j i s el s i , d amnaSaveebad iqnen c no bi l ni

ar akano ni er i qmed ebi s aTvi s . maT d aeki s r aT Ti To eul i mo s ar Cl es aTvi s –

ant ver peni s s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s s ami mo s amar Tl i s a d a gener al ur i

ad vo kat i s aTvi s

Ti To

f r anki s

gad axd a ar amat er i al ur i

z ar al i s

as anaz Raur ebl ad d a aRni Snul i gad awyvet i l ebi s d abeWd va yo vel kvi r eul

Jur nal "humo Si ", r o mel Si c 1986 wl i s i vl i s i d an no ember s So r i s per i o d Si

maT mi er i yo gamo qveynebul i aRni Snul i 5 s t at i a; aRni Snul s t at i ebSi i s i ni

akr i t i kebd nen am s as amar Tl o s

mes ame

ganyo f i l ebi s

mi er

mi Rebul

gad awyvet i l ebebs i s eT t er mi nebSi , r ac ganyo f i l ebi s wevr ebi s mi er

aRwer i l i i yo r o go r c c i l i s mwamebl ur i . gar d a ami s a, mo s ar Cl eebs uf l eba

mi ec aT, gamo eqveynebi naT aRni Snul i gad awyvet i l eba eqvs yo vel d Ri ur

gaz eTSi ganmc xad ebl ebi s xar j z e.

ganmc xad ebl ebi s mi er

gakr i t i kebul i

gad awyvet i l ebebi

mi Rebu l

i qna

ganqo r wi nebi s pr o c es z e, s ad ac s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o m mamas mi ani Wa

21

meur veo ba bavSvebz e, mi uxed avad bavSvebi s d ed i s ganc xad ebi s a, s ad ac i gi

br al s s d ebd a mamas i nc es t s a d a bavSvebi s mi mar T c ud ad mo pyr o baSi .

2. umr avl es o bi s ms gavs ad mec vTvl i , r o m s ad avo gad awyvet i l ebebi namd vi l ad

war mo ad gend a Car evas ganmc xad ebl ebi s mi er

gamo xat vi s Tavi s uf l ebi s

ganxo r c i el ebaSi , r ac i Tval i s wi nebs az r i s qo ni s a d a i nf o r mac i i s

gad ac emi s Tavi s uf l ebas , ko nvenc i i s me-10 muxl i s Ses abami s ad . aRni Snul i

Car eva gaTval i s wi nebul ia bel gi i s s amo qal aqo ko d eqs i s 1382-e d a mo md evno

muxl ebi T d a mi z nad i s axavs s xvaTa r eput ac i i s d ac vas – am SemTxvevaSi

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s ganyo f i l ebi s mo s amar Tl eebi s r eput ac i i s d ac vas ,

r o mel Ta mi er ac i qna gamo t ani l i gad awyvet i l eba – d a mo s amar Tl eebi s

uf l ebamo s i l ebi s a d a mi uker Zo ebl o bi s Senar Cunebas ; aRni Snul i mi z nebi

s avs ebi T kano ni er i a ko nvenc i i s me-10 mu xl i s me-2 par agr af i s Tanaxmad .

3. ganmc xad ebl ebi s

wi naaRmd eg

mi Rebul i

gad awyvet i l ebi s

auc i l ebl o ba

d emo kr at i ul s az o gad o ebaSi gaxl avT umTavr es i pi r o ba, r omel s ac und a

akmayo f i l ebd es Car eva, r aTa i gi gamar Tl ebul i i yo s ko nvenc i i s me-10

mu xl i s me-2 par agr af i s Ses abami s ad . es gaxl avT er Tad er Ti mi z ez i i mi s a,

r o m me ar gavi z i ar e umr avl es o bi s az r i , r o m

mi Rebul i z o ma ar c

auc i l ebel i i yo d a ar c Ses abami s i kano ni s

uz enaeso bi T mar Tul

s axel mwi f o Si , gamo md i nar e pr es i s f und ament ur i r o l i d an d a s as amar Tl o s

s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r ebi s kr i t i ki s r el evant ur o bi d an.

4. magr am, Cemi az r i T, aRni Snul i s t at i ebi mo i c avd a ar a mar t o ganqo r wi nebi s

s aqmeSi

bavSvebi s meur veo bi s Tao baz e s as amar Tl o

gad awyvet i l ebebi s

kr i t i kas , ar amed z o gad ad , bel gi i s s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s a d a ant ver peni s

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s wevr ebi s po l i t i kur i Sexed ul ebebi s kr i t i kas ac ,

r o ml ebi c ko nkr et ul ad i yvnen d as axel ebul i d a er T -er Ti maTgani s mami s

war s ul i s d et al ebi c ki i yo mo yvani l i . avt o r ebi s mi er mo s amar Tl eebs a d a

gener al ur

ad vo kat s mi ewer ebo d aT meur veo bi s mi mRebi mami s ms gavs i

po l i t i kur i mr wams i . vgo neb, aRni Snul i ko ment ar ebi met ad Seur ac xmyo f el i

xas i aTi s aa bel gi i s s as amar Tl o s aTvi s d a war mo ad gens c i l i s wamebas

s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i ad vo kat i s

wi naaRmd eg. es ukanas knel ni Segnebul ad i qnen d ad anaSaul ebul i us amar Tl o

gad awyvet i l ebebi s mi RebaSi pr o c es i s er T -er T mxar es Tan mego br o bi s Tu

mi s i

po l i t i kur i

Sexed ul ebebi s gaz i ar ebi s gamo , r ac

war mo ad gens

Zal auf l ebi s bo r o t ad gamo yenebas .

5. s t at i a Sei c avd a i s eT f r az ebs , r o go r i c aa "br ma s amar Tl i s mi er gas r es i l i

o r i bavSvi , f l and r i aSi nebad ar Tul i i nc es t i ", an "s aapel ac i o s as amar Tl o s

mes ame ganyo f i l ebi s mo s amar Tl eebi s umr avl es o ba, r o ml ebmac meur veo ba

no t ar i u s s mi ani Wes , agr eTve ekuTvni an uki d ur es memar j vene f r Tas .

mo s amar Tl e i .b. gaxl avT Svi l i Jand ar mer i i s er T -er Ti xel mZRvanel i s a,

r o mel i c 1948 wel s TanamSr o ml o bi s aTvi s i qna gas amar Tl ebul i .... i s e mo xd a,

r o m uf r o s i s amef o mr Cevel i c i mave po l i t i kur s i mpaTi ebs i z i ar ebs , r as ac

X-i s o j axi " (pi r vel i s t at i a, 1986 wl i s 26 i vni s i ); "naxevar i f l and r i a

So kSi a amgvar i d amaxi nj ebul i s amar Tl i T"; "amgvar i uxeSi z ewo l a, r o go r c

Cans , kar gad

muSao bs

s as amar Tl o

s i s t emaSi ". "uaxl es i

mo nac emebi s

s af uZvel z e Segvi Zl i a ukeT war mo vi d gi no T, Tu r amd enad xSi r ad d a

muxanaTur ad xd ebo d a s aqmi s mani pul i r eba" (meo r e s t at i a, 1986 wl i s 17

i vl i s i ); "Cveni d emo kr at i i s umTavr es gar ant s , d amo uki d ebel s as amar Tl o

s i s t emas , mTl i anad Zi r i aqvs gamo Txr i l i " (mes ame s t at i a, 1986 wl i s 18

s eqt ember i ); "s amar c xvi no a, r o m ant ver peni s s as amar Tl o ebi agr Zel eben uar i s

22

Tqmas am mt ki c ebul ebebi s gaTval i s wi nebaz e" (mexuTe s t at i a, 1986 wl i s 27

no ember i ).

6. s xva SemTxvevaSi , s ad ac Jur nal i s t i d a gamo mc emel i d amnaSaved i qnen

c no bi l i mo s amar Tl i s c i l i s wamebi s aTvi s , Cveni SemTxvevi s ms gavsad , i m

gans xvavebi T r o m aRZr ul i i yo s i s xl i s s amar Tl i s s aqme (pr ager i d a

o ber Sl i ki avs t r i i s wi naaRmd eg, 1995 wl i s 26 apr i l i s gad awyvet i l eba, s er i a

A # 313), s as amar Tl o m xaz i gaus va, wo nas wo r o bi s d ac vi s auc i l ebl o bas

er Ti

mxr i v,

s az o gad o ebi s aTvi s

mt ki vneul

s aki Txebz e

(magal i Tad ,

s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s f unqc i o ni r eba) i nf o r mac i i s gad ac emaSi pr es i s r o l s a

d a meo r es

gans akuTr ebul

mxr i v, s xvaTa uf l ebebi s

r o l s s az o gad o ebaSi "

d ac vas a d a "mo s amar Tl eebi s

So r i s , s ad ac , "r o go r c

s amar Tl i ano bi s gar ant ma, r ac umni Svnel o vanes Ri r ebul ebas war mo ad gens

kano ni s uz enaes o bi T mar Tul s axel mwi f o Si , man und a i s ar gebl o s

s az o gad o ebi s nd o bi T Tavi s i val d ebul ebebi s war mat ebi T

gans axo r c i el ebl ad ” (par . 34).

7. pr es i s Tavi s uf l ebi s aRni Snul i ni S nebi , ar a mar t o Sees abameba gamo xat vi s

Tavi s uf l ebas , ar amed mo i Txo vs mi s gan o bi eqt ur o bas s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s

f unqc i o ni r ebi s Tao baz e z us t i d a s er i o z ul i i nf o r mac i i s gar ant i r ebi s

mi z ni T. r o go r c

s as amar Tl o m d aad gi na pr ager i s a d a o ber s kl i ki s

SemTxvevaSi ,

Tavd asxmebi s

"man

Sei Zl eba

wi naaRmd eg

d aamt ki c o s

ko nf i d enc i al o bi s

d es t r uqc i ul i ,

us af uZvl o

auc i l ebl o ba,

mo s amar Tl eebs

d ac vi s

gans akuTr ebi T i mi s gaTval i s wi nebi T, r o m gakr i t i kebul

aki s r i aT keTi l go ni er ebi s val d ebul eba, r ac maT xel s uSl i s r eagi r ebaSi ”.

8. i mave gad awyvet i l ebaSi

s as amar Tl o

r i gSi , exeba s axel mwi f o

war mo ad gens gamo xat vi s

d a xar i s xi s gans az Rvr a". Tumc a

aRni Snavs : "aRni Snul i

f aqt ebi s

Sef as eba, pi r vel

pr er o gat i vas

auc i l ebl o bi s a

xel i s uf l ebas , r o ml i s

Tavi s uf l ebaSi

Car evi s

es

s axel mwi f o s

pr er o gat i va eqvemd ebar eba z ed amxed vel o bas evr o pi s mxr i d an (par . 35).

ko nvenc i as Tan

Tavi s i

gad awyvet i l ebi s

Ses abami s o bi s

d ad geni s as

er T -er Ti

s as amar Tl o m und a gai Tval i s wi no s , r o m "pr es a gaxl avT

s aSual eba, r o ml i Tac po l i t i ko s ebs a d a s az o gad o ebr i v az r s SeuZl i aT i mi s

Semo wmeba, as r ul eben Tu ar a mo s amar Tl eebi Tavi anT val d ebul ebas Tavi s i

mi s i i s Ses abami s ad (par . 34).

9. Cemi

kl as i f i c i r ebul i

gener al ur i ad vo kat i s

s i s t emas Tan d akavSi r ebul i

gad awyvet i l ebebSi aRni Snul i

az r i T, gad awyvet i l eba i mi s

Tao baz e, Tu

s as amar Tl o s

r o go r

mo s amar Tl eebi s a

und a i yo s

ant ver peni s

d a

s as amar Tl o

s as amar Tl o s

ar ao bi eqt ur o bas Tan d a bel gi i s

ganc xad ebebi s

nawyvet ebi

Ses axeb

er o vnul i

pr er o gat i vas war mo ad gens . ganmc xad ebl ebi s mi er gakeTebul i ganc xad ebebi

war mo ad gens Ri r ebul mo s az r ebas mo s amar Tl eebi s a d a gener al ur i

ad vo kat i s po l i t i kur Sexed ul ebebz e an i maz e, Tu r a gavl ena hqo nd a

aRni Snul Sexed ul ebebs a d a o j axur t r ad i c i ebs mi Rebul

gad awyvet i l ebebz e. amgvar i Ri r ebul i mo s az r ebebi ar d as t ur d ebo d a d a ver

gaamar Tl ebd a

br al d ebebi s

mo s amar Tl eebi s

xel aRebi T xas i aTs ,

d ad anaSaul ebas

ar ao bi eqt ur o baSi ,

an

an gamo yenebul i

t er mi nebi s

Rvar Zl i ano bas a d a ges l i ano bas .

10. gas aCi vr ebul i s as amar Tl o ef uZnebo d a ganqo r wi nebaSi d ad geni l i f aqt ebi s

ar a "o bi eqt ur i WeSmar i t ebi s " an mo s amar Tl eebi s mi er mi Rebul i

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gad awyvet i l ebebi s kr i t i kas , ar amed s t at i ebSi gakeTebul Seur ac xmyo f el i

ganc xad ebebs . Tumc a Jur nal i s t ebma wamo Wr es mni Svnel o vani s aki Txebi

s as amar Tl o

s as amar Tl o ebs

s i s t emi s

s r ul ad

f unqc i o ni r ebi s

kr i t i kas Tan

d akavSi r ebi T;

es s aki Txebi

und a gaeTval i s wi nebi naT

gad awyvet i l ebebi s gamo t ani s as . Cemi az r i T, aRni Snul i xar vez i s gamo

ganmc xad ebl ebi s

wi naaRmd eg

c i l i s wamebebi s aTvi s

gamo t ani l i

gad awyvet i l eba ar

kar gavs Zal as , vi nai d an gad awyvet i l eba ef uZneba

s t at i ebSi gamo qveynebul Seur ac xmyo f el ganc xad ebebs . aRni Snul i xar vez i

war mo ad gens me-6 muxl i s d ar Rvevas , r ac s as amar Tl o s mi er er Ts ul o vnad

i qna d ad geni l i .

11. s ad avo gad awyvet i l ebebi s ko nt eqs t Si vTvl i , r o m bel gi i s s amo qal aqo

s as amar Tl o ebi s d as kvna i mi s Tao baz e, r o m s t at i ebSi

t er mi nebi d a ganc xad ebebi Zi r s uTxr i an s aapel ac i o

gamo yenebul i

s as amar Tl o Si

gad awyvet i l ebi s mi mRebi mo s amar Tl eebi s r eput ac i as a d a mi uker Zo ebl o bas

d a s as amar Tl o s i s t emi s Zal auf l ebas a d a d amo uki d ebl o bas , s r ul i ad

Sees abameba ko nvenc i i s me-10 mu xl i s me-2 par agr af s , r aSi c mo s ar Cl eebi s

mo Txo vna d akmayo f i l d a.

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