adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo

meore seqcia

pinkova da pinki CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg

CASE OF PINCOVÁ AND PINC v. THE CZECH REPUBLIC

(ganacxadi #36548/97)

saboloo versia

05/02/2003

ganCineba

strasburgi

2002 wlis 5 noemberi

1

saqmeze pinkova da pinki CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos palatam (meore seqcia)

Semdeg mosamarTleTa SemadgenlobiT:

b-ni J.-p. kosta, prezidenti,

b-ni a.b. baka,

b-ni gaukur iorundsoni,

b-ni k. iungveirti,

b-ni v. butkeviCi,

q-ni v. tomaseni,

b-ni m. ugrexeliZe, mosamarTleebi,

da q-ni s. dole, seqciis registratori,

imsjela ra ganmartoebiT 2002 wlis 8 oqtombers,

amave dRes miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba:

procedura

1. saqme momdinareobs Cexi erovnebis ori piris, q-ni blaJena

pinkovasa

`ganmcxadeblebi~) mier adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi

(SemdgomSi `komisia~) adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad

da

misi

Svilis

b-ni

jiri

pinkis

(SemdgomSi

TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis adremoqmedi 25-e muxlis

Tanaxmad 1997 wlis 7 maiss Setanili ganacxadidan (# 36548/97).

2. ganmcxadeblebs, romlebmac samarTlebrivi daxmareba miiRes,

warmoadgenda q-ni j. vesela CexeTis advokaturidan, CexeTis

mTavrobas (SemdgomSi `mTavroba~) ki misi warmomadgeneli, b-ni v.

Sormi.

3. ganacxadis mizans warmoadgenda imis dadgena, irkveoda Tu ara

saqmis faqtebidan, rom mopasuxe saxelmwifom daarRvia pirveli

oqmis pirveli muxliT nakisri valdebuleba. 1998 wlis 1 ivliss

komisiam (meore seqcia) gadawyvita, ecnobebina amis Sesaxeb

mTavrobisaTvis, romelsac eTxova werilobiTi komentarebis

warmodgena dasaSvebobisa da arsebiTi ganxilvisaTvis.

4. ganacxadi sasamarTlos gadaeca 1998 wlis 1 noembers, roca

ZalaSi Sevida konvenciis me-11 damatebiTi oqmi (me-11 damatebiTi

oqmis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti).

5. igi daewera sasamarTlos mesame seqcias (sasamarTlos

reglamentis 52-e muxlis 1-li punqti). am seqciaSi 26-e muxlis 1-li

2

punqtis Sesabamisad dakompleqtda palata, romelsac saqme unda

ganexila (konvenciis 27-e muxlis 1-li punqti).

6. 2000 wlis

6

ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT palatam ganacxadi

nawilobriv daSvebulad gamoacxada.

7. ganmcxadeblebma da mTavrobam warmoadgines werilobiTi

komentarebi arsebiT ganxilvaze (59-e wesis 1-li punqti).

mxareebTan moTaTbirebis Semdeg palatam gadawyvita, rom saWiro

ar iyo mosmena arsebiTad ganxilvisas (59-e wesis me-3 punqti).

mxareebma

upasuxes.

erTmaneTis

werilobiT

komentarebs

werilobiTve

8. 2001 wlis 1 noembers sasamarTlom Secvala Tavisi seqciebis

Semadgenloba (25-e wesis 1-li punqti). es saqme daewera axlad

Sedgenil meore seqcias (52-e wesis 1-li punqti).

faqtebi

1. saqmis garemoebebi

9. 1967 wlis 29 dekembers pirvelma ganmcxadebelma da misma

meuRlem SeiZines metyevis saxli sabZliTa da TavliT, romelsac

isini 1953 wlidan qiraobdnen. gasayidi fasi, 14 703 Cexoslovakiuri

krona, dadgenili iqna mesakuTris _ saxelmwifo sawarmos _

daniSnuli topografis mier. mesakuTre iyo aseve wyvilis

damqiravebeli da saxli ise moipova, rom ar gadauxdia kompensacia

wina mesakuTreebisaTvis, romelTac qoneba 1948 wels CamoerTvaT,

miwis pirveli reformis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb #142/1947 kanonis

(zákon o revizi první pozemkové reformy) Tanaxmad.

10. 1968 wlis 30 ivniss pirvelma ganmcxadebelma da misma qmarma

gamyidvels 2 030 Cexoslovakiuri krona gadauxades SeTanxmebis

pirobebis Tanaxmad, rac maT uflebas aZlevda, gamoeyenebinaT miwa

saxlis garSemo.

11. 1992 wlis 23 dekembers, #229/1991 kanonis (zákon o půdě – `kanoni

miwis Sesaxeb~) ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, im pirebis Svilma,

romelTac metyevis saxli 1948 wels konfiskaciamde ekuTvnodaT,

miwis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis 1-li punqtis Tanaxmad sarCeliT

mimarTa pribramis raionul sasamarTlos (okresní soud) qonebis

dabrunebis moTxovniT. igi acxadebda, rom pirveli ganmcxadeblisa

da misi meuRlis mier saxlis SeZena ukanonod, im droisaTvis

moqmedi wesebis darRveviT moxda da maT isargebles ukanono

upiratesobiT im TvalsazrisiT, rom maTTvis moTxovnili Tanxa

bevrad naklebi iyo qonebis realur Rirebulebaze. aRniSnuli

3

piri amtkicebda, rom saxli araobieqturad da im droisaTvis

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis daucvelad Sefasda.

12. 1993 wlis 12 Tebervals raionul sasamarTloSi Setanil

SepasuxebaSi ganmcxadeblebma aRniSnes, rom nasyidobis fasi

sworad, im droisaTvis moqmedi debulebebis dacviT iqna

gamoTvlili da xazi gausves im faqts, rom yidva-gayidvis Sesaxeb

xelSekruleba

damtkicebuli

iqna

saxelmwifo

sanotaro

samsaxuris (státní notářství) pribrimis ganyofilebis mier, sadac igi

registraciaSi gatarda.

13. 1994 wlis

eqspertiza imis dasadgenad, iyo Tu ara 1967 wlis miwis Sefaseba

Catarebuli im dros moqmedi wesebis dacviT. eqspertma

7

Tebervals raionulma sasamarTlom daniSna

sasamarTlos moxsenebiT mimarTa 1994 wlis 30 marts. moxsenebaSi

man aRniSna, rom saqmis masalebisa da 1967 wlis Sefasebis

Seswavlis Semdeg man daadgina, rom `Sefaseba srulad ar

Seesabameboda im dros moqmed kanonmdeblobas~ da `rom, garda

amisa,

man

aRmoaCina

Sesafasebeli

obieqtis

arasakmarisad

Sefasebis SemTxvevebi~. amitom man gadawyvita, `Sefaseba xelaxla

Caetarebina

garemoebebze

im

dros

dayrdnobiT,

moqmed

kanonmdeblobasa

rogorc isini

da

saqmis

aRwerilia

samarTalwarmoebis ganmavlobaSi~, raTa SeZleboda am ori

Sefasebis erTmaneTisaTvis Sedareba da maT Soris gansxvavebebis

dadgena.

eqspertis

moxsenebaSi

Sefasebulia

(a)

qonebis

sacxovrebeli nawili da (b) arasacxovrebeli nawili, saxeldobr,

sabZeli da Tavla. am ukanasknelTan mimarTebaSi eqspertma aRniSna:

`... patara sabZlisa da masze miSenebuli Tavlis klasifikacia

moxda `patara nagebobebad~, radgan isini iyvnen mxolod iq

mcxovrebis sargeblobaSi da ar gamoiyenebodnen nebismieri

sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. Rirebulebis dadgenisas

aman ganapiroba arsebiTi gansxvaveba ... rogorc 1967 wels, ise

axlac. Cems mier dadgenili Rirebuleba gamarTlebulia me-7

muxlTan dakavSirebuli 1965 wlis werilobiTi miTiTebiT,

romlis mixedviT: `gasayidi fasi SeiZleba gavrceldes

mecxoveleobisTvis

gankuTvnil

patara

nagebobebze,

im

pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli saqmianoba ar gascdeba mesakuTrisa

da misi ojaxis wevrebis pirad moTxovnilebebs~. sabZeli

amJamad gamoiyeneba iaraRebis saTavsod. ... Cems mier ori

Senobis klasificireba Seesabameba #73/1964 dekretis me-5

danarTs... me sabZeli da Tavla CavTvale qonebad pirad

sakuTrebaSi, radgan isini gamoiyeneboda ara sasoflo-

sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis, aramed mxolod mesakuTris piradi

moxmarebisaTvis. Tu isini kerZo sakuTrebad CaiTvleboda,

maSin moqmedi kanonmdebloba maTi gadacemis nebarTvas ar

gascemda. sajaro dawesebulebebi SeiZleboda individebze

4

gasxvisebuliyo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es Senobebi

klasificirebuli iqneboda rogorc qoneba pirad sakuTrebaSi.

... am ori Senobis fasis gansxvaveba 1967 wlis SefasebasTan

SedarebiT daaxloebiT 4 600 Cexoslovakiuri kronaa. ...~.

14. ganmcxadeblebma aRniSnes, rom Senobis sacxovrebeli farTis

eqspertis mier dadgenili Rirebuleba praqtikulad identuri iyo

1967

wels

dadgenili

Rirebulebisa,

gansxvaveba

4

600

Cexoslovakiur kronaSi imitom aRmoCnda, rom amjerad Sefasda

Tavla da sabZelic. ganmcxadeblebma gaaprotestes Sefasebis

procedura, radgan igi efuZneboda #73/1964 dekrets, sadac

gansazRvruli ar iyo socialisturi organizaciebis kuTvnili

Senobebis

fasebis

praqtikaSi

moqmedeba;

ganmcxadeblebi

amtkicebdnen, agreTve, rom xsenebuli dekretis me-7 muxlis me-2

punqti gamoricxavda am dekretis gamoyenebas maTi saqmis mimarT.

maT damatebiT aRniSnes, rom fasebs Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad

ganapiroba aRniSnuli ori Senobis gaufasurebis sxvadasxvagvarma

Sefasebam.

15. pirveli ganmcxadeblis meuRlis sikvdilis Semdeg metyevis

saxlis TanamesakuTre gaxda misi Svili, meore ganmcxadebeli.

16.

raionulma

sasamarTlom,

1994

wlis

12

seqtembris

gadawyvetilebiT, dauSva wina mesakuTris Svilis sarCeli da

gadawyvita sadavo qoneba misTvis gadaeca. raionulma sasamarTlom

daadgina:

`mtkicebulebebis

Cvenebebis, 1969 wlis 3 Tebervals saxelmwifo sanotaro

samsaxuris mier registrirebuli yidva-gayidvis

–

kerZod,

mxareTa

da

mowmeTa

xelSekrulebis, 1968 wlis 30 ivnisis SeTanxmebis, romelmac

mianiWa miwis piradad gamoyenebis ufleba, ..., 1967 wlis 20

dekembers ... saxlis Sefasebis ..., eqspertis 1992 wlis 15

dekembris moxsenebis, romelic [pirveli ganmcxadeblis]

miTiTebebis

Tanaxmad

momzadda

da

sasamarTlos

mier

mtkicebulebad iqna miRebuli, ..., da sasamarTlos daniSnuli

eqspertis mier mowodebuli, SenobaTa fasebis Sesaxeb

moxsenebis - Sefasebis Semdeg sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ...

miwis Sesaxeb kanoni (#229/1991) gamoiyeneba, Tu

dava exeba

uflebis

satyeo

meurneobisaTvis

miwis Sesaxeb

gankuTvnil

kanonis

Senobaze

1-li

gadacemas,

nawilis

(1)(c)

mniSvnelobiT ...

mosarCele ... uflebamosilia, moiTxovos restitucia

restituciis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. ... mopasuxis

ojaxis wevrebi komunisturi reJimis mowinave figurebs ar

warmoadgendnen, isini ubralo metyeveebi iyvnen, romlebic

5

saxlSi Sevidnen, rogorc sawarmos daqiravebulebi. isini

daTanxmdnen saxlis SeZenas, roca damqiravebelma amis

saSualeba misca, radgan sxva sacxovrebeli ar gaaCndaT. rac

Seexeba gasayid fass, maT miiRes topografis mier dadgenili

fasi, romelzec aranairi pretenzia ar gamouTqvamT.

Tumca eWvgareSea, rom saxlis gasayidi fasi 19 477

Cexoslovakiuri krona unda yofiliyo, is ki mxolod 14 703

Cexoslovakiuri krona Rirda. Sedegad, winamdebare saqmeSi

daculia miwis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis 1-li punqtis

pirobebi, radgan 1967 wels mopasuxeebma qoneba moipoves

namdvil Rirebulebaze dabal fasad. sxvaoba Seadgenda

namdvili Rirebulebis meoTxeds~.

17. 1994 wlis 11 oqtombers ganmcxadeblebma zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres praRis saolqo sasamarTloSi (krajský

soud). maT ganacxades, rom im droisaTvis, roca saxlis SeZenis

winadadeba miiRes, saxlidan gaZevebis safrTxe emuqrebodaT. maT

xazi gausves, rom topografis moxsenebac da yidva-gayidvis

xelSekrulebac momzadebuli iqna gamyidvelis mier da gadacema

ganxorcielda im droisaTvis moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad.

marTlac,

pribrimis

saxelmwifo

sanotaro

samsaxurma

xelSekrulebis registraciaSi gatarebamde gadaamowma gasayidi

fasi. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom sasamarTlos eqspertis

moxseneba sakmarisi mtkicebuleba ar iyo imis dasamtkiceblad,

rom gasayidi fasi naklebi iyo im dros moqmedi direqtivebiT

gansazRvrul fasze. amitom ganmcxadeblebma sTxoves saolqo

sasamarTlos, SeekveTa axali eqspertis moxseneba.

18. 1995 wlis 4 ianvars praRis saolqo sasamarTlom pirveli

instanciis gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova, daadgina ra:

`eqspertis moxsenebidan (1994) Cans ..., rom gakeTebuli

Sefaseba (1967 wels) ar Seesabameboda im dros moqmed wesebs.

... sabZeli da Tavla unda Sefasebuliyo rogorc pirad

sakuTrebaSi myofi Senobebi, radgan isini ar gamoiyeneboda

soflis

gankargulebaSi iyo. ... ekonomikur saqmeTa saministros 10/1964

direqtivis Tanaxmad, ... socialisturma organizaciam

meurneobisaTvis,

aramed

saxlis

mesakuTris

moqalaqeebs Senobebi mxolod piradi sakuTrebisTvis unda

mihyidos. im dros moqmedi direqtiva da dekreti #73/1964 rom

yofiliyo gamoyenebuli, gasayidi fasi 19 477 Cexoslovakiuri

kroniT ganisazRvreboda.

Sesabamisad, saolqo sasamarTlom ZalaSi datova raionuli

sasamarTlos

dadgenileba

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

uflebis

gadacemis sakiTxi ganxiluli unda iqnes #229/1991 kanonis

6

Tanaxmad. ... dadgenili iqna, rom gasayidi fasi ganisazRvra

gamyidvelis mier romelime eqspertis moxsenebis daxmarebis

gareSe ... da es imaze dabali fasi iyo, vidre amas iTxovda im

dros

moqmedi

wesebi

fasebis

Sesaxeb,

rac

aSkaraa

[sasamarTlos] eqspertis moxsenebaSi.

rac Seexeba apelantTa protests, rom yidva-gayidvis

xelSekruleba registraciaSi gatarebuli iqna saxelmwifo

sanotaro samsaxuris mier, ... romelic sabZelsa da Tavlas

pirad sakuTrebaSi myof Senobebad gulisxmobda, unda

aRiniSnos, rom es klasifikacia Sedegi iyo samarTlebrivi

mosazrebisa, rac savaldebulo Zalis mqone precedenti ar

aris saqmis gadasawyvetad. ... ufro metic, im faqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mosarCelem ukve moipova restitucia 50

heqtari tyiT, sasurvelia, #229/1991 kanonis Tanaxmad ..., rom

metyevis

saxli

gamoyenebuli

iqnes

misi

Tavdapirveli

daniSnulebiT.~

19. 1995 wlis 17 marts ganmcxadeblebma sarCeliT mimarTes

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos (Ústavni soud), amtkicebdnen ra, rom maT

saxli SeiZines im droisaTvis moqmedi wesebis Sesabamisad da

raime ukanono upiratesobis gareSe. isini aseve moixmobdnen

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 399-e muxlis me-2 punqts, romlis Tanaxmad

yidva-gayidvis

xelSekruleba

baTilad

gamocxaddeboda,

Tu

gasayidi fasi Zalian maRali iyo. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen,

rom saolqo sasamarTlom CamoarTva maT qoneba da, Sesabamisad,

darRveuli iqna ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb

qartiis (Listina základních práv a svobod) me-11 muxlis 1-li punqtiT

gaTvaliswinebuli maTi qonebis dacvis ufleba. garda amisa, isini

asaCivrebdnen, rom ver miiRes samarTliani da Sesaferisi

kompensacia, acxadebdnen ra, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom miwis

Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis me-3 punqtiT fizikur pirs hqonda

ufleba, mieRo nasyidobis safasurisa da im danaxarjebis

anazRaureba, romlebic gonivrulobis farglebSi mohyva qonebis

gaaxlebas, 14 703 Cexuri krona gadaxdili safasurisa da maTi

danaxarjebis sakompensaciod verasodes aunazRaurebda maT saxlis

dakargvas. qonebaze ufleba maT CamoerTvaT ori sxvadasxva

meTodiT gamoTvlil or fass Soris gansxvavebis gamo. ufro

metic, samarTalwarmoebisas isini meore mxaris Tanabar pirobebSi

ar iyvnen, kerZod, SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT. mosarCele

sargeblobda Sesabamisi dokumentaciiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT

ganmcxadeblebma moixmes qartiis 37-e muxli.

20. ganmcxadeblebma aseve sTxoves sakonstitucio sasamarTlos,

SeeCerebina saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba da

miwis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis 1-li punqtis nawili baTilad

gamoecxadebina. isini amtkicebdnen, rom radgan gansaxilveli

7

debuleba uSvebda restitucias `uZravi qonebis imaze dabal fasad

gayidvis SemTxvevaSi, vidre amas im droisaTvis moqmedi wesebi

iTxovda~

da

amiT

safrTxes

uqmnida

yidvis

droisaTvis

gamoyenebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad mopovebul uflebas, man

yofil mesakuTres SesaZlebloba misca, eWvqveS daeyenebina am

qonebis gadacemisas misi Rirebuleba. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen,

rom miwis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis 1-ma punqtma maT iseTive

ziani miayena, rogorc maT miiRes 1948 da 1989 wlebSi, ris

gamosworebasac es kanoni isaxavda miznad. maTi mtkicebiT,

dauSvebeli iyo, rom fizikuri pirebi, romelTac qoneba

keTilsindisierad da im dros moqmedi kanonmdeblobis dacviT

SeiZines, pasuxismgebelni gaexadaT saxelmwifos mier miRebuli

ukanono gadawyvetilebebisa Tu araswori procedurebis gamo.

21. 1995 wlis 24 aprils ganmcxadeblebma saolqo sasamarTlos

sTxoves,

gadawyvetilebis

SeeCerebina

praRis

raionuli

gaeTavisuflebina

sasamarTlos

isini

aRsruleba,

samarTalwarmoebis xarjebisagan da saqme Tavidan ganexila.

aRniSnul mimarTvaSi maT TavianT argumentebs safuZvlad daudes

CexeTis

fasebis

organos

mier

gamoqveynebuli

Sesabamisi

kanonmdeblobis ganmartebis avtoris mosazreba meTodologiis

Sesaxeb, romelic, maTi mtkicebiT, cxadad amtkicebda, rom

sasamarTlos

eqspertma

Secdoma

dauSva.

maT

raionul

sasamarTlos aseve warudgines dokumentebi saxelmwifo arqividan,

romlebiTac mtkicdeboda, Tu rogor gamoiyeneboda sadavo qoneba

warsulSi.

22. 1995 wlis 21 aprils qalaq hrimezdiCisa da sxva soflebis

macxovreblebma respublikis prezidents da parlaments mimarTes

peticiiT, romelSic gamoxatavdnen wuxils imasTan dakavSirebiT,

rom ganmcxadebelTa saqmeSi darRveuli iqna konstituciiT

garantirebuli adamianis uflebebi. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom Zveli

mesakuTris Svilma daibruna qonebis didi nawili (40 heqtari tye

da 100 heqtari sxva miwa), maSin, roca ganmcxadeblebma TavianTi

qoneba TiTqmis mTlianad dakarges, miuxedavad imisa, rom

keTilsindisierad hqondaT SeZenili.

23. 1995 wlis 20 ivniss, peticiaze pasuxad, parlamentis wevrma

werilobiTi SekiTxviT mimarTa premier-ministris moadgiles,

soflis meurneobis ministrs da sakanonmdeblo da sajaro

administraciis

samsaxuris

direqtors.

mas

ainteresebda,

ewinaaRmdegeboda Tu ara miwis Sesaxeb kanonis me-8 nawilis 1-li

punqti, romelic uzrunvelyofda restituciis SesaZleblobas

`uZravi qonebis imaze dabal fasad Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi, vidre

amas fasebTan dakavSirebiT im dros moqmedi direqtivebi

moiTxovda~, samarTlebrivi simtkicis princips, ramdenadac is

SesaZlebels xdida ukanono qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis

8

gadasvlas

saxelmwifodan

individebze,

romlebic

keTilsindisierad moqmedebdnen. is aseve problemurad miiCnevda,

mxareTa Soris Tanasworobis principidan gamomdinare, iseT

samarTlebriv debulebebs, rogoricaa miwis Sesaxeb kanonis 21-e

nawilis (a) punqti, romelic pirebisaTvis, romelTac SeeZloT

restitucia moeTxovaT, uzrunvelyofda daxmarebis sxvadasxva

formas an samarTalwarmoebis baJisagan gaTavisuflebas.

24. premier-ministris moadgile mimarTvas 1995 wlis 7 ivliss

gamoexmaura. man ganacxada, rom gamoTqmuli eWvebi usafuZvlo iyo

da

aRniSna,

rom

miwis

Sesaxeb

kanoni

imgvarad

iqna

Camoyalibebuli, rom, zogadi pirobebis garda, svamda sam

damatebiT tests, romelTagan TiToeuli mimarTuli iyo SemZenTa

keTili nebis gamosaricxad. is faqti, rom miwis Sesaxeb kanoni

exeba Sesyidvis dros moqmed kanonmdeblobas, ar SeiZleba

samarTlebrivi simtkicis xelisSemSlelad CaiTvalos ukuqceviTi

efeqtis gamo.

25. 1995 wlis 23 agvistos raionulma sasamarTlom ganmcxadebelTa

ganacxadi

samarTalwarmoebis

ganaxlebis

Sesaxeb

sajaro

mosmenaze ganixila. miuxedavad maT mier warmodgenili da maTive

iniciativiT daniSnuli axali eqspertis moxsenebisa, man sarCeli

ar daakmayofila, aRniSna ra, inter alia, rom Tavdapirveli

samarTalwarmoebisas arc erTma mxarem ar gamoiZaxa sasamarTlos

mier daniSnuli eqsperti mowmed da ganmcxadeblebma mxolod

gasaCivrebis

stadiaze

moiTxoves

eqspertis

mtkicebulebis

gadasinjva. Sedegad, winamdebare saqme ar akmayofilebda Tavidan

ganxilvis sakanonmdeblo moTxovnebs.

26. 1995 wlis 27 seqtembers ganmcxadeblebma zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba gaasaCivres. isini amtkicebdnen, rom waradgines

mtkicebuleba, romlis warmodgena samarTalwarmoebis dasawyisSi

maTTvis obieqturad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. 1996 wlis 26 Tebervals

praRis

saolqo

sasamarTlom

1995

wlis

23

agvistos

gadawyvetileba ZalaSi datova, daadgina ra, rom ar arsebobda

faqtebi, gadawyvetilebebi Tu mtkicebuleba, romlebze pasuxis

gacema

samarTalwarmoebis

dasawyisSive

mopasuxeTaTvis

SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Tumca saolqo sasamarTlom neba darTo

mxares misi dadgenileba samarTlebrivi kuTxiT gaesaCivrebina.

27. Sesabamisad, 1996 wlis 11 aprils ganmcxadeblebma samarTlebriv

sakiTxebze mimarTes uzenaes sasamarTlos (Nejvyšší soud). isini

acxadebdnen, rom sasamarTloSi im gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebisas,

romelmac maT ufleba CamoarTva, maT amaod wamoWres meore

eqspertisaTvis moxsenebis gakeTebaze uflebamosilebis gacemis

sakiTxi da saolqo sasamarTlos midgomam isini aiZula, hqonodaT

maTive iniciativiT Seqmnili, axali eqspertis moxseneba.

9

28.

1997

wlis

13

ianvars

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom

ganmcxadeblebis sakonstitucio sarCeli ar daakmayofila aSkarad

dausabuTeblobis

daadgina:

safuZvliT.

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom

`ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb qartiis me-

11 muxlis 1-li punqtis sadavo darRveva ganxiluli unda iqnes

ara mxolod apelantebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebiT,

aramed im pirisac, romelic iTxovs restitucias ... amasTan

dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo moixmobs Tavis gadawyvetilebas,

gamoqveynebuls nomriT 131/1994 ..., romelSic man aRniSna, rom

restituciis mizania uZravi qonebis mesakuTreTa uflebebis

darRvevis

gamosworeba

qonebis

gadacemis

droisaTvis

Cadenili ukanono qmedebisaTvis reparaciiT da qonebis mis

Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi restituciisaTvis upiratesobis

miniWebiT. Sedegad, sasamarTlo ver daadgens me-11 muxlis 1-li

punqtis darRvevas, Tu restituciisaTvis kanoniT dadgenili

pirobebi ar dakmayofilda. ...

apelantebis mier moTxovnili, miwis Sesaxeb kanonis (kanoni

# 229/1991) me-8 nawilis 1-li punqtis anulireba SezRudavda

restituciis uflebas da avnebda restituciis mTxovnelTa

didi nawilis interesebs ... restituciis Sesaxeb kanonma unda

daadginos

pirobebi

zaralis

asanazRaureblad,

xolo

erovnulma sasamarTloebma unda ganixilon yvela garemoeba am

kanonebis zogadi miznis gaTvaliswinebiT.

warmodgenil

dokumentebze

dayrdnobiT

momxsenebelma

mosamarTlem daadgina, rom saerTo sasamarTloebma sworad

gamoiyenes kanoni saqmeSi restituciis Sesaxeb moTxovnis

daSvebisas da imis gadawyvetisas, rom ufleba miwaze unda

gadascemoda mosarCeles ..., radgan apelantma da misma meuRlem

saxli

imaze

dabal

fasad

SeiZines,

vidre

fasebTan

dakavSirebiT im dros moqmedi wesebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze

unda SeeZinaT.

rac Seexeba qartiis 37-e muxlis darRvevas, romelic

gulisxmobs

aRniSnavs,

mxareTa

Soris

Tanasworobas,

sasamarTlo

rom

samarTalwarmoebisas

sasamarTloebma

skrupulozurad Seiswavles rogorc im piris mtkicebuleba,

romelic restitucias iTxovda, ise mopasuxeTa

mtkicebulebebi. ...

saqmis garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, momxsenebelma

mosamarTlem saWirod ar CaTvala saolqo sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis

aRsrulebis

SeCereba,

im

faqtis

10

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tu apelantebs saxlidan gaasaxlebdnen,

isini alternatiul sacxovrebels miiRebdnen~.

29. 1997 wlis 24 marts ganmcxadeblebma damatebiTi safuZvlebi

warmoadgines sakasacio saCivrisaTvis samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis

(dovolání) gansaxilvelad. isini acxadebdnen, rom maTi saqmis Sesaxeb

yvela

sasamarTlom,

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos

CaTvliT,

Camoayaliba varaudi, rom sasamarTlos mier daniSnuli eqspertis

moxseneba swori iyo, maSin, roca, sxva naklebs Soris, es moxseneba

Seiqmna ekonomikur saqmeTa saministros mier gacemuli direqtivis

safuZvelze, romelsac ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, da rom

dekreti #73/1964 am saqmeSi ar gamoiyeneboda. ganmcxadeblebma

yuradReba im faqtzec gaamaxviles, rom maT mier mowveuli meore

eqspertis moxsenebis Tanaxmad, nasyidobis fasi, gadaxdili 1967

wels, imaze naklebi ar iyo, vidre fasi, romelsac iTxovda im

dros moqmedi kanonmdebloba.

30. 1997 wlis 28 aprils uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganmcxadebelTa

saCivari samarTlebriv sakiTxebze dauSveblad miiCnia, aRniSna ra,

rom igi daiSveboda samarTalwarmoebis dasawyisSi, magram ver

daiSveba im etapze, roca ganacxadi Setanilia saqmis gadasinjvis

moTxovniT.

31. ganmcxadeblebs soflis meurneobis saministrom aunazRaura

1967 wels saxlis Sesyidvisas gadaxdili Tanxa da Tanxa, romelic

maT miwiT piradi sargeblobis uflebis mopovebaSi gadaixades.

mTlianad maT miiRes 16 733 Cexuri krona. meores mxriv, im

danaxarjebis anazRaureba, romlebic gonivrulad mohyva saxlis

ganaxlebas, gamoiricxa saxelmwifosa da ganmcxadeblebs Soris

gamosayenebel kursze SeuTanxmeblobis gamo. ganmcxadebelTa

TqmiT, saxelmwifom ganacxada, rom mzad iyo, gadaexada maTTvis

156 646 Cexuri krona, magram, miuxedavad ganmcxadebelTa

moTxovnisa, mas es Tanxa arasodes gadauxdia. Sesabamisad, Tanxa

unda

ganisazRvros

raionuli

sasamarTlos

mier.

soflis

meurneobis saministros winaaRmdeg ganmcxadeblebma sasamarTlos

2000 wlis aprilSi mimarTes 364 430 Cexuri kronis gadaxdis

moTxovniT.

32. mxareTa mier miwodebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, axal

mesakuTres ganmcxadeblebisaTvis alternatiuli sacxovrebeli ar

SeuTavazebia da isini kvlav am saxlSi cxovroben. isini

amtkicebdnen, rom axalma mesakuTrem uari Tqva maTTan qiravnobis

xelSekrulebis gaformebaze situaciis dasaregulireblad, magram

sarCeli Seitana raionul sasamarTloSi qiris saxiT 28 072 Cexuri

kronis (900 Cexur kronaze meti TveSi) gadaxdis moTxovniT,

sajarimo procentis damatebiT. aman ganapiroba 2000 wlis 31 marts

maTi

misamarTiT

Tanxis

gadaxdis

brZanebis

gacema.

am

11

gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis Semdeg gaimarTa ori mosmena 2000

wlis 27 aprilsa da 26 ivniss da, rogorc aRmoCnda, amjerad

mesakuTrem qiris saxiT ufro maRali Tanxa moiTxova _ 1 200

Cexuri krona TveSi. rogorc ganmcxadeblebi acxadeben, kvlav

ganxilvis procesSia maT mier 2000 wlis aprilSi wamowyebuli

samarTalwarmoeba imis gansazRvris mizniT, Tu ra odenobis Tanxa

unda mieRoT qonebis Senaxvis xarjebis asanazRaureblad. amitom

maT miaCniaT, rom maTi mdgomareoba sajaro moxeleTa winaSe

naklebad xelsayrelia, vidre axali mesakuTrisa.

II. Sesabamisi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali

A. sakonstitucio samarTali

33. ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb qartiis me-11

muxlis

1-li

da

me-2

punqtebi,

sxva

sakiTxTa

Soris,

uzrunvelyofen, rom yvela sargeblobdes sakuTrebis uflebiT.

kanoniT unda ganisazRvros sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebisTvis,

erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da sajaro wesrigisaTvis

aucilebel

saxelmwifo, municipalitetebi an amisaTvis Seqmnili iuridiuli

pirebi; SeiZleba aseve gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes debuleba,

romliTac garkveul qonebas daeuflebian eqskluziurad

ra

qonebas

SeiZleba

flobdnen

eqskluziurad

moqalaqeebi an CexeTisa da slovakeTis federaciuli respublikis

rezidenti fizikuri pirebi. me-11 muxlis me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad,

akrZalulia

uflebebisaTvis zianis miyenebiT an kanoniT daculi zogadi

interesebis sawinaaRmdegod. me-11 muxlis me-4 punqti

sakuTrebis

nebismieri

gadameteba

sxvaTa

uzrunvelyofs, rom eqspropriacia an sakuTrebis uflebis

SezRudva dasaSvebia mxolod sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis gamo,

kanonis Sesabamisad da kompensaciiT.

34. qartiis 37-e muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba

samarTlebriv daxmarebaze sasamarTlos, sxva saxelmwifo organos

Tu administraciuli organos winaSe samarTalwarmoebisas. 32-e

muxlis 1-li punqti uzrunvelyofs, rom sasamarTlo procesis

yvela mxares hqondes erTnairi uflebebi.

B. miwis Sesaxeb kanoni (# 229/1991)

35. miwis Sesaxeb kanonis 1-li nawilis (1)(c) punqti ambobs, rom es

kanoni gamoiyeneba sacxovrebel da fermis SenobebTan, agreTve, im

nagebobebTan (maT Soris, miwasTan, romelzec es nagebobebi iqna

aRmarTuli) mimarTebaSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba soflis meurneobis

Tu satyeo meurneobisaTvis an amgvari meurneobisaTvis saWiro

wylis ganawilebisTvis.

12

36. me-4 nawilis 1-li punqti iTvaliswinebs, rom restituciis

moTxovna SeiZleba wamoWrili iqnes mxolod CexeTis da

slovakeTis federaciuli respublikis im moqalaqeTa mier,

romelTa miwebi, Senobebi da/an nagebobebi, adre soflis

meurneobisaTvis rom gamoiyeneboda, gadaecaT saxelmwifos an sxva

iuridiul pirebs, me-6 nawilis 1-l punqtSi dadgenili pirobebis

Tanaxmad, 1948 wlis 25 Tebervlidan 1990 wlis

1

ianvramde

periodSi. me-4 nawilis me-2 (c) punqtSi naTqvamia, rom roca es piri

gardaicvleba an gardacvlilad iqneba aRiarebuli me-13 nawilSi

miTiTebuli vadis gasvlamde, misi ufleba restituciaze, CexeTisa

da slovakeTis federaciuli respublikis moqalaqeobis pirobis

dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, gadaecema Semdeg fizikur pirebs:

Tanabar wilad im piris Svilebsa da meuRles, romelzec saubaria

me-4 nawilis 1-l punqtSi; Tu me-13 nawilSi miTiTebuli vadis

gasvlamde misi Svili gardaicvleba, misi ufleba restituciis

moTxovnisa memkvidreobiT gadaecema mis Svilebs da Tu romelime

maTgani gardaicvleba, misi ufleba gadaecema mis Svils.

37. me-6 nawilis (b) punqti uzrunvelyofs miwis pirveli reformis

gadasinjvis Sesaxeb # 142/1947 kanonis an miwis axali reformis

Sesaxeb #46/1948 kanonis Tanaxmad saxelmwifosa Tu iuridiuli

pirisaTvis kompensaciis gareSe konfiskaciis gziT gadacemuli

uZravi qonebis dabrunebas pirTaTvis, romelTac ufleba aqvT,

moiTxovon restitucia.

38. me-8 nawilSi, romelSic cvlilebebi iqna Setanili #195/1993

kanoniT, naTqvamia, rom sasamarTloebis prerogativaa, daadginon,

unda dabrundes Tu ara iseTi fizikuri piris mflobelobaSi

myofi qoneba, romelmac igi saxelmwifos an sxva iuridiuli

pirisagan SeiZina im dros moqmedi wesebis darRveviT an imaze

dabal fasad, vidre amas iTxovda im dros arsebuli fasebTan

dakavSirebuli direqtivebi, an romelmac SeZenisas ukanono

upiratesobiT isargebla. me-8 nawilis me-3 punqti iTvaliswinebs,

rom piri, romelic me-8 nawilis 1-li punqtis Sesabamisad

valdebulia, daabrunos qoneba, uflebamosilia, miiRos nasyidobis

fasisa da qonebis SenarCunebisTvis gonivrulad daxarjuli

Tanxis anazRaureba.

39. 21-e nawilis (a) punqti iTvaliswinebs restituciasTan, qonebis

gacvlasTan Tu kompensaciasTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli

gadasaxadisgan

gaTavisuflebas.

restituciis

moTxovnaze

uflebamosili piri, romelic cdilobs, daamtkicos Tavisi

ufleba im piris sawinaaRmdegod, vinc valdebulia, Sesabamisi

qoneba daabrunos, ar ixdis sasamarTlos baJs.MbaJis gadaxdisagan

gaTavisufleba vrceldeba aseve im pirebze, romlebic cdiloben

TavianTi uflebebis damtkicebas me-8 nawilis Sesabamisad. miwis

13

Sefasebis da miwis nakveTebis identificirebisa da Seswavlis

xarjebs saxelmwifo faravs.

40. 28-e nawilis (a) punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu sxvagvarad ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli, miwis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad gacemuli

kompensaciis odenoba dadgenilia 1991 wlis 24 ivnisisaTvis moqmed

fasebTan mimarTebaSi, radgan dekreti #182/1988 vrceldeba uZravi

qonebis fasebze.

C. samoqalaqo kodeqsi

41. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 712-e muxlis Tanaxmad, alternatiuli

sacxovrebeli iqneba kompensatoruli binis an kompensatoruli

sacxovreblis formis. kompensatoruli bina gulisxmobs binas,

romlis farTobi da sveli wertilebi uzrunvelyofs mobinadrisa

da misi ojaxis imgvar cxovrebas, rom daculi iqnes adamianis

Rirsebis pativiscema. kompensatoruli sacxovrebeli niSnavs

sacxovrebel

oTaxs

an

oTaxs

sastumroSi

axalgazrda

dauqorwinebeli pirebisaTvis an sxva pirisagan daqiravebuli binis

(avejiT an avejis gareSe) qveqiravnobiT aRebul nawils. Tu

mobinadre uflebamosilia alternatiul sacxovrebelze, igi

valdebuli ar aris dacalos bina, romlidanac mas asaxleben,

sanam ar miiRebs Sesaferis sacxovrebels; Tanamobinadreebs

ufleba

aqvT

alternatiuli

sacxovreblis

mxolod

erT

SeTavazebaze.

samarTali

I.

pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis savaraudo darRveva

42. ganmcxadeblebi Ciodnen, rom maT CamoerTvaT keTilsindisierad

da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad mopovebuli qoneba da

acxadebdnen, rom ar miuRiad adekvaturi kompensacia. isini

efuZnebodnen pirveli oqmis pirvel muxls, romelSic naTqvamia:

`yovel fizikur an iuridiul pirs aqvs Tavisi

sakuTrebiT daubrkolebeli sargeblobis ufleba. mxolod

sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisaTvis SeiZleba CamoerTvas vinmes

misi sakuTreba kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi

principebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebSi.

amasTan, winare debulebebi aranairad ar akninebs

saxelmwifos uflebas, gamoiyenos iseTi kanonebi, romelTac

is aucileblad miiCnevs saerTo interesebis Sesabamisad

sakuTrebiT sargeblobis kontrolisaTvis, an gadasaxadebisa

Tu mosakreblis an jarimebis gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad.~

14

43. sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis Tanaxmad, pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxli sami sxvadasxva wesisagan Sedgeba.

erTi, romelic gamoxatulia pirveli abzacis pirvel winadadebaSi

da atarebs zogad xasiaTs, awesebs sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad

sargeblobis

princips.

meore

wesi,

imave

abzacis

meore

winadadebaSi, exeba sakuTrebis CamorTmevas da uqvemdebarebs mas

konkretul pirobebs. mesame wesi, romelic dadgenilia meore

abzacSi,

aRiarebs,

rom

xelSemkvreli

saxelmwifoebi

uflebamosilni arian, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, sakuTrebiT

sargebloba marTon sazogado interesis Sesabamisad. es wesebi

`sxvadasxva~ ar aris erTmaneTTan daukavSireblobis gamo: meore

da mesame wesebi, romlebic exeba sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad

sargeblobis uflebaSi Carevis konkretul SemTxvevebs, gagebuli

unda

iyos

pirvel

wesSi

Camoyalibebuli

principis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

44. winamdebare saqmeSi sadavo ar aris, rom moxda ganmcxadeblebis

sakuTrebis uflebaSi Careva, rac pirveli oqmis 1-li muxlis

pirveli

`CamorTmevas”

abzacis

meore

winadadebis

SinaarsiT

sakuTrebis

unda

utoldeboda.

Sesabamisad,

sasamarTlom

imsjelos, gamarTlebuli iyo Tu ara es Careva pirveli oqmis 1-li

muxlis moTxovnebis fonze.

45. sasamarTlo xazs usvams, rom pirveli oqmis 1-li muxlis

pirveli da umniSvnelovanesi moTxovna is aris, rom nebismieri

Careva sajaro xelisuflebis mxridan sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad

sargeblobaSi unda iyos kanonieri: pirveli abzacis meore

winadadeba iZleva sakuTrebis CamorTmevis nebarTvas mxolod

`kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis dacviT~, xolo meore

abzaci cnobs, rom saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT, akontrolon

sakuTrebiT

sargebloba

`kanonebiT~.

ufro

metic,

kanonis

uzenaesoba, demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

principi, konvenciis yvela muxlis ganuyofeli nawilia (ix. Amuur

v. France, 1996 wlis 25 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, Reports of Judgments and

Decisions 1996-III, gv. 850-51, punqti 50; The former King of Greece and Others v.

Greece [GC], # 25701/94, punqti 79, ECHR 2000-XII; da Malama v. Greece, #

43622/98, punqti 43, ECHR 2001-II).

46. winamdebare saqmeSi mxareTa Soris sadavo ar aris is faqti,

rom ganmcxadebelTa sakuTrebis CamorTmeva moxda miwis Sesaxeb

kanonis (# 229/1991) safuZvelze, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada

pirebisTvis,

romlebic

Sesabamis

pirobebs

akmayofilebdnen,

daebrunebinaT garkveuli tipis sakuTreba da amiT uzrunvelyo

nebarTva, Sesabamisi sakuTreba CamorTmeodaT im pirebs, romlebic

mas flobdnen. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom kanonierebis moTxovna

dakmayofilebuli iqna.

15

47. sasamarTlom axla unda gaarkvios, emsaxureboda Tu ara

sakuTrebis CamorTmeva kanonier mizans, kerZod ki, arsebobda Tu

ara `sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba~ pirveli oqmis pirvel muxlSi

dadgenili meore wesis mniSvnelobiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom rameTu erovnuli organoebi ukeT

icnoben TavianT sazogadoebas da mis interesebs, principSi isini

saerTaSoriso mosamarTlesTan SedarebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi

arian

saWiroebaSi~. konvenciiT dadgenili dacvis sistemis Tanaxmad,

erovnulma organoebma unda moaxdinon sazogadoebrivi

mniSvnelobis iseTi problemis arsebobis pirveladi Sefaseba,

romelic amarTlebs sakuTrebis CamorTmevis RonisZiebis

imis

Sesafaseblad,

Tu

ra

Sedis

`sazogadoebriv

ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad, erovnuli organoebi am sferoSi

sargebloben garkveuli Sefasebis zRvriT, iseve, rogorc sxva

sferoebSic, romlebzec vrceldeba konvenciis garantiebi.

48. garda amisa, `sazogadoebrivi saWiroeba~ farTo cnebaa.

saxeldobr,

gadawyvetileba

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

dainergos

sakuTrebis CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebuli kanonebi, Cveulebriv,

moicavs politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis

analizs.

sasamarTlo,

romelsac

bunebrivad

miaCnia,

rom

kanonmdeblisTvis nebadarTuli Sefasebis zRvari socialuri da

ekonomikuri politikis danergvisas farTo unda iyos, pativs scems

kanonmdeblis gadawyvetilebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra

warmoadgens `sazogadoebriv saWiroebas~, Tuki es gadawyvetileba

aSkarad gonivruli safuZvlis gareSe ar iqna miRebuli (ix. James

and Others v. the United Kingdom, 1986 wlis 21 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba,

seriaA #98, gv.32, punqti 46, daMalama, ix. zemoT, punqti46).

49. winamdebare saqmeSi mTavroba amtkicebda, rom miwis Sesaxeb

kanonis mizani iyo `1948-1989 wlebSi soflis da satyeo

meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli uZravi qonebis mesakuTreTa sakuTrebis

uflebebis konkretul darRvevaTa Sedegebis aRmofxva~. am miznis

misaRwevad

SerCeuli

samarTlebrivi

instrumenti

iyo

`restitucia~; sistema miznad isaxavda sakuTrebis CamorTmevis

dros Cadenili ukanono qmedebisaTvis reparaciis uzrunvelyofas

da

upiratesobas

aniWebda

sakuTrebis

restitucias

misi

Tavdapirveli formiT.

restituciis mizani iyo uflebis CamorTmevis ukanonobis an

sakuTrebis uflebaSi sxvagvari ukanono Carevis aRmofxvra

sakuTrebis

dabrunebiT

misi

Tavdapirveli

samarTlebrivi

mdgomareobiT, ukuqceviTi qmedebiT. amitom restitucia sakuTrebis

iZulebiTi

CamorTmeva

ki

ar

aris,

aramed

Tavdapirveli

samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis aRdgenis valdebulebaa.

16

50. ganmcxadeblebi ar davobdnen imaze, rom miwis Sesaxeb kanonis

mizani is iyo, rac mTarobam warmoadgina, magram acxadebdnen, rom

saWiro iyo samarTlianobis arsebiTi principis pativiscemac,

romliTac unda marTuliyo rogorc moqmedi kanoni, aseve misi

gamoyeneba. es principebi daculi ar iqna winamdebare saqmeSi,

vinaidan miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifom aRmofxvra sakuTrebis

uflebis adreuli darRvevebis Sedegebi, magram araferi gaakeTa

imisaTvis, rom Seemcirebina am mizniT ganxorcielebuli axali

Carevebis Sedegebi.

51. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mizani, romelsac miwis Sesaxeb

kanoni emsaxureba, aris sakuTrebis uflebis im darRvevaTa

Sedegebis aRmofxvra, romelTac adgili hqonda komunisturi

reJimis dros. sasamarTlos esmis, Tu ratom unda mieCnia CexeTis

saxelmwifos aucilebel amocanad am problemis gadaWra, romelic,

misi azriT, zians ayenebda mis demokratiul reJims. maSasadame,

kanonis zogadi mizani ar SeiZleba ukanonod CaiTvalos, radgan

igi namdvilad `sazogadoebriv saWiroebas~ warmoadgenda (ix.

mutatis mutandis, Zvolský and Zvolská v. the Czech Republic (dec.), #46129/99, 2001

wlis 11 dekemberi).

52. sasamarTlo adgens, rom nebismieri RonisZieba, romelic ereva

sakuTrebiT daubrkoleblad sargeblobis uflebis gamoyenebaSi,

samarTlian wonasworobas unda amyarebdes sazogadoebis zogadi

interesis moTxovnilebebsa da individis ZiriTadi uflebebis

dacvis moTxovnebs Soris (ix., sxva wyaroebTan erTad, Sporrong and

Lönnroth v. Sweden, 1982 wlis 23 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seria A #

52, gv. 26, punqti 69). moTxovna, damyardes am saxis wonasworoba,

aisaxeba pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis mTlian struqturaSi,

Sesabamisad,

meore

winadadebis

CaTvliT,

romelic

unda

ganvixiloT pirvel winadadebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli zogadi

principis fonze. saxeldobr, unda damyardes proporciulobis

gonivruli urTierTdamokidebuleba gamoyenebul saSualebasa da

dasaxul mizans Soris, romelic miiRweva nebismieri saSualebiT

pirisaTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis gziT (ix. Pressos Compania Naviera

S.A. and Others v. Belgium, 1995 wlis 20 noembris gadawyvetileba, seria

A # 332, gv. 23, punqti 38, daThe former King of Greece and Others, ix. zemoT,

punqti 89). amgvarad, wonasworoba, romelic unda damyardes

sazogadoebis zogadi interesis moTxovnilebebsa da ZiriTadi

uflebebis moTxovnebs Soris, irRveva, Tu Sesabamis pirs mouwia

etvirTa `araproporciuli tvirTi~ (ix., sxva wyaroebs Soris, The

Holy Monasteries v. Greece, 1994 wlis 9 dekembris gadawyvetileba, seria

A # 301-A, gv. 34-35, punqtebi 70-71).

53. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom daadgina, rom pirs, romelsac

CamoerTva

sakuTreba,

unda

mieces

`mis

RirebulebasTan

17

gonivrulad dakavSirebuli~ kompensacia, miuxedavad imisa, rom

`sazogadoebrivi saWiroebis~ kanonieri mizani SeiZleba srul

sabazro Rirebulebaze naklebis anazRaurebas iTxovdes~ (ibid.).

sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom zemoT naxsenebi wonasworoba zogadad

miRweulia, roca im pirisaTvis gadaxdili kompensacia, romelsac

sakuTreba CamoerTva, gonivrul kavSirSia sakuTrebis `sabazro~

RirebulebasTan, rogorc es dadgenili iqna eqspropriaciis dros.

54. winamdebare saqmeSi mTavroba amtkicebda, rom miwis Sesaxeb

kanoni

gonivrulad

proporciul

urTierTobas

amyarebda

gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da im mizans Soris, romelsac SezRudva

emsaxureba, radgan igi moiTxovda, saxelmwifosaTvis Sesabamisi

qonebis ukanonod gadasvlis garda, gauqmebuliyo kidev erTi

ukanono elementi

_

imave qonebis saxelmwifosgan fizikuri

pirisTvis gadacema. amave dros, kanonma fizikur pirs mianiWa

ufleba, anazRaureboda Sesyidvisas gadaxdili Tanxa da qonebis

dRevandel mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebisTvis gonivrulad gaRebuli

xarjebi.

amas garda, kanoniT aikrZala uwindeli mflobelis gasaxleba am

dabrunebuli

dakmayofileba

sakuTrebidan,

Sesaferisi

sanam

alternatiuli

ar

moxdeboda

misi

sacxovrebliT.

mTavrobam aRniSna, rom Tumca axali mesakuTrisgan alternatiuli

sacxovreblis SeTavazeba a priori ar yofila gamoricxuli, magram

CexeTis kanonmdeblobiT mas amgvari SeTavazebis gakeTeba ar

evaleboda. Sesabamisad, gasaxlebul pirs amasTan dakavSirebiT ar

SeeZlo sasamarTloSi raime sarCeli daeyenebina. garda amisa,

gaTvaliswinebuli iqna samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi debulebebi,

romelTa Tanaxmad, pirebs, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen, qoneba

daebrunebinaT (ganmcxadebelTa msgavsad), ar evalebodaT misi

gaTavisufleba,

sacxovrebeli.

sanam

ar

gamoeyofodaT

alternatiuli

55. Sesabamisad, mTavroba acxadebs, rom fizikuri pirebisaTvis

dakisrebuli tvirTi, daebrunebinaT qoneba, ar iyo gadaWarbebuli

da gamoyenebuli saSualeba ar iyo araproporciuli dasacav

interesTan mimarTebaSi.

56. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom arasamarTliani iyo is faqti,

rom kompensacia, romliTac isini uzrunvelyofilni iqnebodnen,

iyo anazRaureba 1960-ian wlebSi Sesyidvisas gadaxdili fasisa,

rac daaxloebiT erT ormocdameaTeds warmoadgenda dRevandeli

sabazro fasisa da im xarjebisa, rac maT gonivrulad gaiRes

qonebis SesanarCuneblad. es ukanaskneli Tanxa ganisazRvra 1981

wlis 24 ivniss arsebuli tarifis Sesabamisad. ganmcxadeblebi

aseve usamarTlod miiCnevdnen imas, rom isini valdebulni iyvnen,

daetovebinaT

saxli

da

alternatiuli

sacxovrebeli

18

daeqiravebinaT an qira gadaexadaT, raTa SeZlebodaT daekavebinaT

is Senoba, romlis movla-patronobasac mTeli cxovreba Sealies.

isini Ciodnen, rom maT ara marto CamoerTvaT ufleba saxlze,

romelic savaraudod im dros moqmedi wesebis darRveviT SeiZines,

aramed dakarges ufleba miwazec, romelic am wesebis Tanaxmad

iqna SeZenili.

57. Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom gamoyenebul

saSualebebsa da Sesabamis mizans Soris proporciulobis

moTxovna maT saqmeSi daculi ar iqna. isini miiCnevdnen, rom maT

daekisraT individualuri da gadametebuli tvirTi, rac kidev

ufro mZimdeboda im moraluri tanjviT, romelsac ganicdidnen

daaxloebiT 80 wlis pirveli ganmcxadebeli da avadmyofi meore

ganmcxadebeli.

garda amisa, ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom arc pirvelma

ganmcxadebelma da arc misma meuRlem 1967 wels saxlis SeZenisas

ar icodnen, rom adre igi ar ekuTvnoda saxelmwifos, romelmac

saxli konfiskaciis gziT moipova. am konteqstSi ganmcxadeblebma

aRniSnes, rom 1967 wels mxolod is pirebi daiSvebodnen miwis

reestrSi konsultaciis misaRebad, romlebic daamtkicebdnen, rom

kanonieri interesi amoZravebdaT. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

isini satyeo meurneobaSi muSaobdnen, aragonivruli iqneboda maTi

gakritikeba imisaTvis, rom ar Seecadnen gamoerkviaT, im dros,

roca TiTqmis yvelaferi saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi iyo, es saxli

odesme ekuTvnoda Tu ara vinme sxvas.

58. sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom restituciis Sesaxeb kanonis zogadi

mizani, kerZod, komunisturi reJimiT gamowveuli sakuTrebis

uflebis konkretuli darRvevebis Sedegebis aRmofxvra, kanonieri

mizania da gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi garigebebis kanonierebisa

da qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dacvas. Tumca

sasamarTlo aucileblad miiCnevs imis uzrunvelyofas, rom Zveli

zianis

aRmofxvram

ar

gamoiwvios

araproporciuli

axali

samarTaldarRvevebi. am mizniT kanonmdeblobiT SesaZlebeli unda

gaxdes TiToeuli saqmis konkretuli garemoebebis imgvarad

gaTvaliswineba,

rom

pirebs,

romelTac

sakuTreba

keTilsindisierad SeiZines, ar daekisroT pasuxismgeblobis

tvirTi, romelic sinamdvileSi im saxelmwifos tvirTia, vis

mierac moxda am qonebis konfiskacia.

59. winamdebare saqmeSi sasamarTlo iRebs ganmcxadeblebis

arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom maT sakuTreba keTilsindisierad

SeiZines, rom maT ar icodnen, rom manamde es qoneba konfiskacias

daeqvemdebara da ar SeeZloT zegavlena moexdinaT garigebis

pirobebsa da Sesasyid fasze. ufro metic, rogorc Cans, CexeTis

sasamarTloebis dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb, rom ganmcxadeblebma

19

qoneba imaze dabal fasad SeiZines, vidre amas Sesabamisi wesebi

iTxovda, upirvelesad ganpirobebuli iqna sabZlisa da Tavlis _

Senobis arasacxovrebeli farTis _ sxvagvari SefasebiT.

60. rac Seexeba saqmeSi ganmcxadeblebisaTvis dakisrebul tvirTs,

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom mas ar moeTxoveba imis dadgena, Tu ra

safuZvelze

unda

ganesazRvraT

erovnul

sasamarTloebs

gadasaxdeli kompensaciis odenoba; igi ver daikavebs CexeTis

saxelmwifo organoebis adgils im wlis SerCevisas, romelic unda

miRebuliyo mxedvelobaSi saxlis Rirebulebis dadgenisas, da im

xarjebis Sefasebisas, romlebic gonivrulad iqna gaRebuli

saxlis dRevandel mdgomareobaSi SenarCunebis mizniT (ix., mutatis

mutandis, Malama, miTiTebulia zemoT, punqti 51).

61. Tumca sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia ar aRniSnos, rom 1967 wels

gadaxdili Sesasyidi fasi, romelic daubrunda ganmcxadeblebs,

SeuZlebelia

gonivrul

kavSirSi

iyos

30

wlis

Semdgom

RirebulebasTan.

amas

xelmisawvdomi

garda,

gansaxilveli

erTaderTi sacxovrebeli

saxli

ganmcxadebelTaTvis

iyo. 1995 wels

restituciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis droisaTvis isini am

saxlSi cxovrobdnen ormocdaori wlis ganmavlobaSi, aqedan

ocdarva weli rogorc mesakuTreebi.

62. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom ganmcxadeblebi aramyar da

namdvilad rTul socialur mdgomareobaSi arian. anazRaurebuli

nasyidobis fasiT SeuZlebelia sacxovreblis SeZena. marTalia,

dReisaTvis ar momxdara maTi saxlidan iZulebiT gaZeveba da,

samoqalaqo kodeqsis 712-e muxlis Tanaxmad, maT unda SesTavazon

alternatiuli sacxovrebeli. Tumca mTavroba TviTonve aRiarebs,

rom SeuZlebelia am uflebis sasamarTlos ZaliT mtkiceba. ufro

metic,

qonebis axali mesakuTre, rogorc Cans, iyenebs Tavis

upiratesobas ganmcxadebelTa mimarT, romelTac man Tviuri qiris

gadaxda mosTxova, imis miuxedavad, rom maT Soris qiravnobis

xelSekruleba ar dadebula. vinaidan ganmcxadeblebma uari

ganacxades am garemoebebSi qiris gadaxdaze, axalma mesakuTrem

maT winaaRmdeg sasamarTlos mimarTa da misi sarCeli isev

ganxilvis procesSia.

63. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ganmcxadeblebisTvis

gansazRvruli `kompensacia~ ar iTvaliswinebda maT pirad da

socialur mdgomareobas da maT ar gamoeyoT aranairi Tanxa

aramaterialuri zaralisaTvis, romelic miadgaT am erTaderTi

qonebis CamorTmeviT. amas garda, maT jer kidev ar anazRaurebiaT

saxlis dRevandel mdgomareobaSi SesanarCuneblad gonivrulad

gaRebuli xarjebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom amoiwura Svidi wlisa da

20

eqvsi Tvis periodi 1995 wlis 23 Tebervlidan _ dRidan, rodesac

saboloo gaxda praRis saolqo sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba

sakuTrebaze uflebis Zveli mesakuTris SvilisTvis gadacemis

Sesaxeb.

64. amgvarad, ganmcxadeblebs daekisraT individualuri da

gadaWarbebuli tvirTi, romelmac daarRvia is samarTliani

wonasworoba, rac unda damyarebuliyo, erTis mxriv, zogadi

interesis

moTxovnilebebsa

da,

meores

mxriv,

sakuTrebiT

daubrkolebeli sargeblobis uflebas Soris. Sesabamisad, adgili

hqonda pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevas.

II.

konvenciis 41-e muxlis gamoyeneba

65. konvenciis 41-e muxlSi naTqvamia:

`Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom dairRva konvencia da misi

oqmebi, xolo Sesabamisi maRali xelSemkvreli mxaris

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi

samarTali

darRvevis

mxolod

nawilobrivi gamosworebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo dazaralebul mxares samarTlian

dakmayofilebas miakuTvnebs.~

A. ziani

66. materialuri zianis saxiT ganmcxadeblebi iTxovdnen 1 277 903

Cexur kronas, ra Tanxac, maTi mtkicebiT, warmoadgenda

gansxvavebas (743 547 Cexuri krona) maTTvis sakuTrebis CamorTmevis

droisaTvis saxlis Rirebulebas (760 280 Cexuri krona) da

Sesyidvis fass (16 733 Cexuri krona) Soris, romelic maT 1967

wels gadaixades saxlSi da garSemo mdebare miwis gamoyenebaze

personalur uflebaSi, amas gamoklebuli Tanxa 156 646 Cexuri

kronis odenobiT, romelic, rogorc saxelmwifom ganacxada, maT

unda

anazRaurebodaT

saxlis

dRevandel

mdgomareobaSi

SesanarCuneblad gonivrulad gaRebuli xarjebisaTvis, plus

sajarimo procenti 2000 wlis 1-li aprilidan (631 549 Cexuri

krona) da 60 000 Cexuri krona ganmcxadebelTa mier miwaze

Catarebuli samuSaoebisaTvis.

ganmcxadeblebi damatebiT iTxovdnen 2 500 000 Cexur kronas

moraluri zianisaTvis, romelic maT miadgaT didi drois

ganmavlobaSi gancdili moraluri tanjvis Sedegad.

67. mTavroba acxadebda, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis

darRvevas da ar iqna dakmayofilebuli pirobebi ganmcxadebelTa

samarTliani

dakmayofilebisTvis.

mTavroba

amtkicebda,

rom

21

Sesyidvis fasi _ 16 733 Cexuri krona _ ganmcxadeblebisTvis

keTili nebiT iqna anazRaurebuli. saxlis dRevandel

mdgomareobaSi SesanarCuneblad gonivrulad gaRebuli xarjebis

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mTavroba amtkicebda, rom ver moxerxda

SeTanxmeba, radgan ganmcxadeblebi iTxovdnen, rom Tanxa mocemuli

momentisTvis arsebuli kursis mixedviT gamoTvliliyo, rasac

miwis Sesaxeb kanoni krZalavda. Tumca mTavroba am moTxovnis

princips ar ewinaaRmdegeboda da mzad iyo mis dasakmayofileblad,

rogorc ki raionuli sasamarTlo Tanxis odenobas gansazRvravda.

rac Seexeba 60 000 Cexuri kronis odenobis Tanxas, romelsac

ganmcxadeblebi saxlze Catarebuli samuSaoebisTvis iTxovdnen,

mTavrobam ganacxada, rom es Tanxa Sedioda saxlis dRevandel

mdgomareobaSi SesanarCuneblad gonivrulad gaRebul xarjebSi.

mTavroba ar uaryofda, rom sasamarTlo procesebi SesaZloa

moralurad Zneli gadasatani yofiliyo, magram amtkicebda, rom

amaze saxelmwifo ar iyo pasuxismgebeli.

68. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ganmcxadeblebis moTxovnebi miznad

isaxavs rogorc materialuri, aseve aramaterialuri zaralis

reparaciis uzrunvelyofas. sasamarTlo adgens, rom, materialuri

zaralis

sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT,

ganmcxadeblebs

ar

warmoudgeniaT saxlis amJamindeli Rirebulebis damadasturebeli

raime saxis dokumenti. Tumca mTavrobas, rogorc Cans, ar surs

ganmcxadebelTa mier dasaxelebuli Tanxis, 760 280 Cexuri kronis,

gaprotesteba. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo am Tanxas dasaSvebad

miiCnevs.

samarTlianobis principze dayrdnobiT da am sakiTxze sakuTari

precedentuli samarTlis gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlo iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

mianiWos

ganmcxadeblebs

35

000

evro

materialuri da aramaterialuri zaralisaTvis. es Tanxa unda

gadaicvalos Cexur kronebze gadaxdis dros arsebuli kursiT.

B. xarjebi

69. ganmcxadeblebi iTxovdnen 302 793 Cexur kronas CexeTis

sasamarTloebsa da konvenciis organoebSi

daxarjuli Tanxis

asanazRaureblad. maTi iuridiuli warmomadgenlobis xarjebi

efuZneboda advokatTa anazRaurebis Sesaxeb # 270/1990 kanons

(ZalaSi iyo 1996 wlis 1 ivlisamde) da # 177/1996 kanons, romelic

adgenda advokatTa anazRaurebis farglebs. maTi advokati

acxadebda, rom misi Cveulebrivi sakontraqto anazRaureba saaTSi

1

500 Cexur kronas Seadgenda. ganmcxadebelTa finansuri

mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT man ar aiRo Tanxa, im pirobiT, rom

saqmis

gadawyvetis

Semdeg

ganmcxadeblebi

aunazRaurebdnen

samuSaos.

22

70. mTavroba acxadebda, rom mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo

miRebuli mxolod saolqo da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis

winaSe gaweuli xarjebi, aseve samarTalwarmoebis ganaxlebis

moTxovniT wardgenil sarCelze daxarjuli Tanxa, radgan

danarCeni xarjebis gaweva konvenciis darRvevis gasaCivrebis

mizniT ar momxdara. amas garda, mTavrobam yuradReba gaamaxvila

im faqtze, rom Tumca ganmcxadebelTa advokatma erovnuli

samarTalwarmoebisTvis advokatTa zRvruli ganakveTi moiTxova,

sasamarTlos winaSe samarTalwarmoebisTvis igi sakontraqto

anazRaurebas iTxovda, rac, mTavrobis mtkicebiT, gacilebiT

gadametebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc im saaTebis raodenoba (150),

romlebic,

advokatis

TqmiT,

mas

dasWirda

ganacxadze

muSaobisaTvis.

71. sasamarTlo acxadebs, rom konvenciis darRvevis dadgenis

SemTxvevaSi man ganmcxadeblebs SeiZleba mianiWos is Tanxebi da

danaxarjebi, rac maT gaiRes erovnuli sasamarTloebis winaSe

darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad an uflebis aRsadgenad (ix., sxva

wyaroebTan erTad, Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland, 1983 wlis 13

ivlisis gadawyvetileba, seria A # 66, gv. 14, punqti 36, da Hertel v.

Switzerland, 1998 wlis 25 agvistos gadawyvetileba, Reports 1998-VI, gv.

2334, punqti 63). winamdebare saqmeSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis

ganxilvis

sagani

iyo

ganmcxadebelTa

ufleba

sakuTrebiT

daubrkoleblad

sargeblobisa,

ufleba,

romlis

darRvevac

dadgenili iqna sasamarTlos mier. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo

askvnis, rom ganmcxadeblebi uflebamosilni arian, moiTxovon im

Tanxebisa da danaxarjebis anazRaureba, rac maT erovnul

sasamarTloebSi daexarjaT.

72. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ganmcxadeblebs ar warmoudgeniaT

aranairi sagarantio sabuTi maTi moTxovnis mxardasaWerad. Tumca

aSkaraa, rom zemoxsenebuli miznisaTvis maT Tanxa daxarjes da

maTma advokatma es Tanxa moqmedi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad gamoiTvala. samarTlianobis safuZvelze sasamarTlo

adgens, rom ganmcxadeblebs aunazRaurdeT Tanxa 10 000 evros

odenobiT, 772,72 evros gamoklebiT, ra Tanxac maT ukve miiRes

samarTlebrivi daxmarebis saxiT.

C. sauravi

73. sasamarTlos miaCnia, rom sauravi unda emyarebodes evropis

centraluri

bankis

zRvrul

sasesxo

ganakveTs,

romelsac

daemateba sami procenti.

zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo erTxmad

23

1. adgens, rom meore ganmcxadeblis Svils ufleba aqvs, mis

nacvlad gaagrZelos winamdebare samarTalwarmoeba;

2. adgens, rom dairRva #1 oqmis pirveli muxli;

3. adgens, rom

(a)

mopasuxe saxelmwifo valdebulia, sami Tvis vadaSi

TariRidan, roca es gadawyvetileba saboloo gaxdeba

konvenciis

44-e

muxlis

me-2

punqtis

Sesabamisad,

gadauxados ganmcxadeblebs qvemoT miTiTebuli Tanxebi,

gadacvlili mopasuxe saxelmwifos erovnul valutaze

angariSsworebis dRes arsebuli kursiT:

(i)

35

000

evro

(ocdaTxuTmeti

aTasi

evro)

materialuri da aramaterialuri zaralisaTvis;

9 227,28 evro (cxra aTas oras ocdaSvidi evro da

ocdarva centi) danaxarjebisaTvis;

(ii)

(b)

zemoxsenebuli samTviani vadis amowurvidan gadaxdamde

unda dawesdes gadasaxdeli Tanxa sauravis saxiT evropis

centraluri

bankis

zRvruli

sasesxo

ganakveTis

odenobiT, rasac daemateba sami procenti.

4. ar akmayofilebs samarTliani dakmayofilebis moTxovnis

darCenil nawils.

Sesrulebulia

frangul

enaze,

werilobiTi

saxiT

aris

gamoqveynebuli 2002 wlis 5 noembers, sasamarTlos reglamentis

77-e wesis me-2 da me-3 punqtebis Sesabamisad.

s. dole

J.-p. kosta

registratori

prezidenti

24