leila sahini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg

CASE OF LEYLA ŞAHİN v. TURKEY

(ganacxadi #44774/98)

ganCineba

strasburgi

2005 wlis 10 noemberi

1

saqmeze leila sahini TurqeTis winaaRmdeg~

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma sasamarTlom, romelic Seikriba

didi palatis saxiTSemdeg mosamarTleTa SemadgenlobiT:

b-ni l. vildhaberi, prezidenti,

b-ni k.l. rozakisi,

b-ni j-p. kosta,

b-ni b.m. zupanCiCi,

b-ni r. turmeni,

q-ni f. tulkensi,

b-ni k. birsani,

b-ni k. iungvierti,

b-ni v. butkeviCi,

q-ni n. vajiCi,

b-ni. m. ugrexeliZe,

q-ni a. mularoni,

b-ni j. borego borego,

q-ni e. fura-sandstromi,

q-ni a. giulumiani,

b-ni e. mijeri,

b-ni s.e. jebensi,

da b-ni t.l. erli, didi palatis registratoris moadgile,

imsjela ra ganmartoebiT 2005 wlis 18 maissa da 5 oqtombers,

2005 wlis 5 oqtombers miiRo Semdegi gadawyvetileba:

procedura

1. saqme momdinareobs ganacxadidan (# 44774/98) TurqeTis

respublikis winaaRmdeg, romelic adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

komisiis (SemdgomSi `komisia~) winaSe warmodgenili iqna adamianis

uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis

(SemdgomSi `konvencia~) adremoqmedi 25-e muxlis Sesabamisad,

TurqeTis

moqalaqis

q-ni

Lleila

sahinis

(SemdgomSi

`ganmcxadebeli~) mier 1998 wlis 21 ivliss.

2. ganmcxadebels warmoadgenda

batoni q. magne briuselis

advokaturidan da batoni k. berzegi, ankaris advokaturidan.

TurqeTis mTavrobas (SemdgomSi `mTavroba~) warmoadgenda batoni

m. ozmeni, Tanawarmomadgeneli.

3. ganmcxadebeli Cioda, rom umaRles saswavleblebSi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebis Sesaxeb wesebiT irRveoda konvenciis me-8, me-

2

9, me-10 da me-14 muxlebiT da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2

muxliT garantirebuli misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.

4. ganacxadi sasamarTlos gadaeca 1998 wlis 1 noembers, roca

ZalaSi Sevida konvenciis me-11 damatebiTi oqmi (me-11 damatebiTi

oqmis me-5 muxlis me-2 punqti).

5. ganacxadi daewera sasamarTlos me-4 seqcias (sasamarTlos

reglamentis 52-e muxlis 1-li punqti).

6. 2002 wlis 2 ivlisis gadawyvetilebiT ganacxadi daSvebuli iqna

arsebiT ganxilvaze am seqciis palatis mier, romelic Sedgeboda

Semdegi mosamarTleebisagan: ser nikolas bratca, b-ni m. pelonpaa,

q-ni e. palmi, b-ni r. turmeni, b-ni m. fiCbaxi, b-ni j. kasadevali da

b-ni s. pavlovCi, agreTve, b-ni m. oboili, seqciis registratori.

7. arsebiTi ganxilva (54-e wesis me-3 punqti) gaimarTa sajarod

adamianis uflebaTa SenobaSi, strasburgSi, 2002 wlis 19 noembers.

8.

2004

wlis

29

ivnisis

gadawyvetilebaSi

(`palatis

gadawyvetileba~) palatam erTxmad daadgina, rom Tavsaburavis

tarebis akrZalviT konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevas adgili ar

hqonia da rom calke gansaxilveli sakiTxi ar warmoiSoba

konvenciis me-8 da me-10 muxlebis, aseve me-14 muxlisa me-9 muxlTan

erTobliobaSi da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis

safuZvelze.

9. 2004 wlis 27 seqtembers ganmcxadebelma saqmis didi

palatisaTvis gadacema moiTxova (konvenciis 43-e muxli).

10. 2004 wlis 10 noembers didi palatis kolegiam gadawyvita, mieRo

misi moTxovna (wesi 73).

11. didi palatis Semadgenloba gadawyda konvenciis 27-e muxlis

me-2 da me-3 punqtebisa da 24-e wesis debulebebis Sesabamisad.

12. ganmcxadebelma da mTavrobam arsebiT ganxilvaze warmoadgines

werilobiTi komentarebi.

13. mosmena gaimarTa sajarod adamianis uflebaTa SenobaSi

strasburgSi, 2005 wlis 18 maiss (59-e wesis me-3 punqti).

sasamarTlos winaSe gamocxaddnen:

- mTavrobis saxeliT

b-ni m. ozmeni, Tanawarmomadgeneli,

b-ni e. iskani, advokati,

3

q-ni a. emuleri,

q-ni g. akiuzi,

q-ni d. kilislioglu, mrCevlebi;

- ganmcxadeblis saxeliT

b-ni q. magne,

b-ni k. berzegi, advokati.

sasamarTlom moismina b-ni berzegis, b-ni ozmenisa da b-ni magnes

mimarTvebi.

faqtebi

I. saqmis garemoebebi

14. ganmcxadebeli daibada 1973 wels da 1999 wlidan cxovrobda

venaSi, sadac gaemgzavra stambulidan venis universitetis

samedicino

fakultetze

medicinis

dargSi

swavlis

gasagrZeleblad. igi gamovida tradiciul, morwmune muslimanTa

ojaxidan da islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebas Tavis religiur

valdebulebad miiCnevs.

A. 1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis cirkulari

15. 1997 wlis 26 agvistos gamcxadebelma, romelic im droisaTvis

iyo bursas universitetis samedicino fakultetis mexuTe kursis

studenti, Caabara stambulis universitetis CerahpaSas (Cerrahpaşa)

samedicino fakultetze. is acxadebs, rom bursas universitetSi

oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi medicinis Seswavlis dros is islamur

Tavsaburavs

Tebervlamde.

atarebda

da

amgvaradve

ganagrZo

1998

wlis

16. 1998 wlis 23 Tebervals stambulis universitetis proreqtorma

gamosca cirkulari, romlis Sesabamisi nawili ambobs:

`konstituciis, kanonebisa da dadgenilebebis Tanaxmad, aseve

umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTlos, adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli

komisiisa

da

universitetis

administraciuli

organoebis mier miRebuli dadgenilebebis Sesabamisad, studentebi

`TavsaburavebiT~ (romlebic atareben islamur Tavsaburavebs) da

studentebi (igulisxmeba ucxoeli studentebic) wveriT ar

daiSvebian leqciebze, seminarebsa Tu praqtikul mecadineobebze.

Sesabamisad, im studentis, vinc atarebs wvers an islamur

Tavsaburavs, gvari da nomeri ar unda daematos registrirebul

studentTa sias. Tumca studentebs, romlebic daJinebiT moiTxoven

seminarebze daswrebas da saleqcio auditoriebSi Sesvlas,

4

miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi gvarebi da nomrebi siaSi ar

aRiricxeba, unda mieTiToT maT mdgomareobaze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

isini uars ityvian auditoriis datovebaze, maTi gvarebi da

nomrebi CaniSnuli unda iqnes da unda ecnoboT, rom ara aqvT

leqciebze daswrebis ufleba. Tu isini uars ityvian saleqcio

auditoriis

datovebaze,

maswavlebelma

unda

aRniSnos

am

incidentis Sesaxeb Tavis moxsenebaSi, sadac axsnis, ratom gaxda

SeuZlebeli leqciis Catareba, da universitetis Sesabamisi

organoebi am incidentis Sesaxeb saswrafod saqmis kursSi unda

Caayenos, raTa gatarebuli iqnes disciplinuri zomebi.~

17. 1998 wlis 12 marts, zemoxsenebuli cirkularis Sesabamisad,

zedamxedvelma ar dauSva ganmcxadebeli onkologiaSi werilobiT

gamocdaze, radgan igi atarebda islamur Tavsaburavs. 1998 wlis 20

marts orTopediuli travmatologiis kaTedris samdivnom uari

uTxra mas kursze daswrebaze, radgan igi atarebda islamur

Tavsaburavs. 1998 wlis 16 aprils igi imave mizeziT ar dauSves

nevrologiaSi

leqciaze,

xolo

1998

wlis

10

ivniss

_

sazogadoebriv janmrTelobaSi werilobiT gamocdaze.

B. 1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis cirkularis SeCerebis Sesaxeb brZanebis

gacemis moTxovna

18. 1998 wlis 29 ivliss ganmcxadebelma moiTxova brZanebis

gamocema 1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis cirkularis SeCerebis Sesaxeb.

Tavis werilobiT moTxovnaSi man miuTiTa, rom cirkulariTa da

misi ganxorcielebiT mas daerRva konvenciis me-8, me-9 da me-14

muxlebiTa

da

pirveli

damatebiTi

oqmis

me-2

muxliT

garantirebuli uflebebi, Sesabamisad, ar arsebobda aranairi

normatiuli bazisi am cirkularis gamosacemad da proreqtoris

ofiss ar hqonda am sferos regulirebis ufleba.

19.

1999

wlis

19

martis

gadawyvetilebiT

stambulis

administraciulma sasamarTlom uari Tqva moTxovnis ganxilvaze,

daadgina ra, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis me-13(b)

nawilis Tanaxmad (kanoni #2547

–

ix. qvemoT, punqti 52),

universitetis proreqtors, rogorc universitetis aRmasrulebel

organos, ufleba hqonda, daeregulirebina studentTa Cacmuloba

wesrigis

gamoyenebuli

SenarCunebis

mizniT.

regulirebis

es

ufleba

da

unda iqnes

Sesabamisi

kanonmdeblobisa

sakonstitucio da umaRlesi administraciuli sasamarTloebis

gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. am sasamarTloebis praqtikaze

dayrdnobiT, administraciulma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom arc

zemoxsenebuli maregulirebeli normebi da arc ganmcxadeblis

winaaRmdeg gatarebuli zomebi ar SeiZleba ukanonod iqnes

miCneuli.

5

20. 2001 wlis 18 aprils uzenaesma administraciulma sasamarTlom

ganmcxadeblis mier samarTlebriv sakiTxebze Setanil saapelacio

saCivarze uari Tqva.

C. ganmcxadeblis

winaaRmdeg

gatarebuli

disciplinaruli

RonisZiebebi

21. 1998 wlis maisSi studentTa disciplinaruli saproceso

wesebis me-6 muxlis (a) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad (ix. qvemoT, punqti 50),

ganmcxadeblis winaaRmdeg aRiZra disciplinaruli saqme Cacmis

wesebis darRvevis gamo.

22. 1998 wlis 26 maiss, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

ganmcxadebeli Tavisi saqcieliT miuTiTebda, rom kvlav apirebda

leqciebsa da/Tu seminarebze Tavsaburavis tarebas, fakultetis

dekanma ganacxada, rom ganmcxadeblis damokidebuleba da Cacmis

wesebis

daucveloba

ar

Seefereboda

studentis

saqciels.

Sesabamisad, man gadawyvita, ganmcxadeblisTvis gafrTxileba

gamoecxadebina.

23. 1999 wlis 15 Tebervals CerahpaSas samedicino fakultetis

dekanatis win Seikriba arasanqcirebuli gaerTianeba, raTa Cacmis

wesebi gaeprotestebina.

24. 1999 wlis 26 Tebervals fakultetis dekanma disciplinaruli

samarTalwarmoeba

wamoiwyo

ramdenime

studentis

mimarT,

ganmcxadeblis CaTvliT, gaerTianebaSi monawileobis gamo. 1999

wlis 13 aprils, ganmcxadeblis gancxadebebis mosmenis Semdeg,

dekanma igi universitetidan erTi semestriT garicxa studentTa

disciplinaruli saproceso wesebis me-9(j) muxlis Sesabamisad (ix.

punqti 50).

25. 1999 wlis 10 ivniss ganmcxadebelma stambulis administraciul

sasamarTlos mimarTa saCivriT, gamoeca brZaneba misi garicxvis

gadawyvetilebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. stambulis administraciulma

sasamarTlom 1999 wlis 30 noembers moTxovna ar daakmayofila im

safuZvliT, rom saqmis arsidan da am sakiTxze dadgenili

sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare, sadavo RonisZieba ar

SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes ukanonod.

26. 2000 wlis 28 ivniss #4584 kanonis (romlis Tanaxmad

studentebs

unda

mieceT

amnistia

disciplinaruli

gadacdomisaTvis dawesebuli sanqciebis mimarT da SezRudvebi

gauqmebuli unda iqnes) ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg ganmcxadebels

mieca amnistia da gaTavisuflda masze dawesebuli yvela

sasjelisa da SezRudvisagan.

6

27.

2000

wlis

28

seqtembers

uzenaesma

administraciulma

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom #4584 kanonma usargeblo gaxada

ganmcxadeblis mier 1999 wlis 30 noembris gadawyvetilebis

kanonTan Seusabamobis moTxovniT gakeTebuli saapelacio saCivris

arsebiTi ganxilva.

28. amave dros, 1999 wlis 16 seqtembers, ganmcxadebelma miatova

TurqeTis saswavlebeli da Cairicxa venis universitetSi, sadac

gaagrZela sauniversteto ganaTlebis miReba.

II. Sesabamisi kanonmdebloba da praqtika

A. konstitucia

29. konstituciis Sesabamisi debulebebi iTvaliswinebs:

muxli 2

`TurqeTis respublika aris demokratiuli, sekularuli (laik) da

socialuri saxelmwifo, dafuZnebuli samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos

principebze, romelic pativs scems adamianis uflebebs socialuri

mSvidobis,

suliskveTebiT,

erovnuli

solidarobisa

aTaTurqis

da

samarTlianobis

da

erTgulia

nacionalizmisa

gamsWvalulia preambulaSi miTiTebuli ZiriTadi principebiT~.

muxli 4

`dauSvebelia damatebebis Setana an warmodgena konstituciis 1-li

muxlis debulebebSi, romlebic adgens rom saxelmwifo

respublikaa, me-2 muxlis, romelic exeba respublikis elementebs,

an me-3 muxlis debulebebSi~.

muxli 10

`yvela adamiani Tanabaria kanonis winaSe ganurCevlad misi enis,

rasis,

kanis

feris,

sqesis,

politikuri

Sexedulebis,

filosofiuri rwmenis, religiis, religiuri seqtis wevrobisa Tu

sxva msgavsi safuZvlisa.

mamakacebsa da qalebs eniWebaT Tanaswori uflebebi. saxelmwifom

unda miiRos zomebi, raTa aseTi Tanasworoba praqtikaSi iqnes

miRweuli.

7

dauSvebelia, romelime adamians, ojaxs, jgufsa Tu klass mieniWos

privilegia.

saxelmwifo da administraciuli organoebi yvela garemoebaSi

moqmedeben kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principis Sesabamisad.~

muxli 13

`ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi SeiZleba SezRuduli iqnes

mxolod kanoniT da konstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli specialuri

debulebebis safuZvelze, im pirobiT, rom aseTi uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis arsi xeluxlebeli darCeba. aseTi SezRudva ar

unda ewinaaRmdegebodes konstituciis teqstsa Tu suliskveTebas

an demokratiuli, sekularuli socialuri wesrigis moTxovnebs da

unda daeqvemdebaros proporciulobis princips.~

muxli 14

`konstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi ar

SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes, Tu amiT Ziri eTxreba qveynis

teritoriul mTlianobas, eris erTianobas an adamianis uflebebze

dafuZnebul demokratiul da sekularul respublikas.

konstituciis arc erTi debuleba ar unda iqnes gagebuli

imgvarad, TiTqos igi uflebas aniWebs saxelmwifos an individebs,

Caeban saqmianobaSi, romelic gamiznuli iqneba konstituciaSi

gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasarRvevad an

maT SesazRudad konstituciiT dasaSveb zRvarze metad.

sasjeli, romelsac daeqvemdebarebian pirebi, romlebic Caebmebian

am

debulebebis

sawinaaRmdego

saqmianobaSi, ganisazRvreba

kanoniT.~

muxli 24

`yvelas

aqvs

ufleba

sindisis,

rwmenisa da religiuri

aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebisa.

locvebi, aRmsarebloba da religiuri ritualebi unda Catardes

Tavisuflad, im pirobiT, rom isini ar daarRvevs me-14 muxlis

debulebebs.

aravin SeiZleba iZulebiT monawileobdes locvebSi, sakulto da

religiur ritualebSi an iZulebiT gaacxados Tavisi religiuri

mrwamsi

da

aRmsarebloba;

aravin

SeiZleba

daeqvemdebaros

cenzuras an mieces pasuxisgebaSi Tavisi religiuri mrwamsisa Tu

aRmsareblobis gamo.

8

ganaTleba da swavleba religiasa da eTikaSi uzrunvelyofili

unda iqnes saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobisa da kontrolis

safuZvelze. swavleba religiis kulturasa da moralSi saswavlo

programis savaldebulo nawilia dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi.

sxva religiuri

ganaTleba da swavleba arCeviTi xasiaTisaa,

mcirewlovani bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi gadawyvetileba miRebuli unda

iqnes maTi kanonieri meurveebis mier.

aravin

SeiZleba

raime

formiT

eqspluatacia

gauwios

an

Seuracxyos religia, religiuri grZnobebi an religiis mier

siwmindeebad aRiarebuli sagnebi im motiviT, rom saxelmwifos

socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri an samarTlebrivi wesrigi

dafuZnebuli iqnes religiur wesebze, Tundac nawilobriv, an im

mizniT, rom uzrunvelyos misi politikuri Tu piradi interesi an

masze raime gavlena iqonios.~

muxli 42

`aravis SeiZleba CamoerTvas swavlisa da ganaTlebis miRebis

ufleba.

ganaTlebis uflebis farglebi gansazRvrulia da regulirdeba

kanoniT.

swavlebis miwodeba xdeba saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobisa da

kontrolis qveS, aTaTurqis principebisa da reformebis da

Tanamedrove

samecniero

da

saganmanaTleblo

meTodebis

Sesabamisad. dauSvebelia iseTi saganmanaTleblo an saswavlo

dawesebulebis Seqmna, romelic ar misdevs am wesebs.

swavlebis

Tavisufleba

ar

aTavisuflebs

moqalaqeebs

valdebulebisagan, loialurni darCnen konstituciis mimarT.

dawyebiTi

ganaTleba

savaldebuloa

yvela

moqalaqisaTvis

ganurCevlad sqesisa da ufasoa saxelmwifo skolebSi.

dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis marTvisa da funqcionirebis

wesebi

regulirdeba

kanoniT

saxelmwifo

skolebisaTvis

moswavleebs

dadgenili standartebis dacviT.

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs finansurad SezRudul

saWiro daxmarebiT stipendiis an sxva saxiT, raTa maT SeZlon

swavlis gagrZeleba. saxelmwifo miiRebs Sesabamis zomebs im

pirTa

reabilitaciisTvis,

romlebic

saWiroeben

specialur

treningebs, raTa kvlav saWironi gaxdnen sazogadoebisaTvis.

9

ganaTleba, swavleba, kvleva da swavla aris is saqmianobebi,

romlebic SeiZleba ganxorcieldes saganmanaTleblo da saswavlo

dawesebulebebSi. dauSvebelia am saqmianobebisaTvis raime formiT

xelis SeSla...~

muxli 153

`sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos

gadawyvetileba

sabolooa.

debulebis gabaTilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba

gaxdes sajaro werilobiTi motivaciis gareSe.

kanonis

an

sakanonmdeblo

aqtis

an

romelime

debulebis

gauqmebisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar unda moqmedebdes

rogorc kvazi-sakanonmdeblo organo iseTi debulebis SeqmniT,

romelic ZalaSi unda Sevides.

...

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi dauyovnebliv unda

gamoqveyndes

oficialur

gazeTSi

da

isini

savaldebuloa

sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebisaTvis,

administraciuli …dawesebulebebisaTvis da fizikur da iuridiul

pirTaTvis.~

B. saqmis winmswrebi movlenebi da istoria

1. religiuri Cacmuloba da sekularizmis principi

30. TurqeTis respublika dafuZnebuli iqna principze, rom

saxelmwifo unda iyos sekularuli (laik). 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers

respublikis gamocxadebamde da mas Semdeg, sazogadoeba da

religiuri wreebi erTmaneTs daSordnen revoluciuri reformebis

gamo, rogorebic iyo: 1923 wlis 3 marts xalifatis gauqmeba; 1928

wlis 10 aprils sakonstitucio debulebis anulireba, romliTac

islami saxelmwifo religiad cxaddeboda; da bolos, 1937 wlis 5

Tebervals

sakonstitucio

cvlilebis

miReba,

romliTac

sekularizmis princips sakonstitucio statusi mieniWa (ix. 1924

wlis konstituciis me-2 da 1961 da 1982 wlis konstituciebis me-2

muxlebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia 29-e punqtSi).

31. sekularizmis princips saTave daedo otomanuri sazogadoebis

gafarToebiT mecxramete saukunidan respublikad gamocxadebamde.

Tanamedrove sajaro sazogadoebis Seqmnis idea, sadac yvela

moqalaqisaTvis garantirebuli iqneboda Tanasworoba ganurCevlad

religiis, sarwmunoebis an sqesisa, saTaves hpovebs mecxramete

saukuneSi otomanur debatebSi. qalTa uflebebSi mniSvnelovani

winsvla iqna miRweuli am periodSi (ganaTlebis miRebisas

10

Tanaswori mopyroba, 1914 wels poligamiis akrZalva, qorwinebis

saqmeebze iurisdiqciis gadacema sekularuli sasamarTlosaTvis,

romelic mecxramete saukuneSi Seiqmna).

32. respublikuri idealis damaxasiaTebeli Strixi iyo qalTa

Cabma sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da maTi aqtiuri monawileoba

sazogadoebaSi. Sesabamisad, ideebs, romelTa Tanaxmad qalebi unda

gaTavisuflebuliyvnen

religiuri

SezRudvebisagan

da

sazogadoebas unda ganecada modernizacia, gaaCnda saerTo sawyisi.

amgvarad, 1926 wlis 17 Tebervals miRebuli iqna samoqalaqo

kodeqsi,

romelic

uzrunvelyofda

sapirispiro

sqesTa

Tanasworobas

samoqalaqo

uflebebiT

sargeblobaSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki ganqorwinebisa da memkvidreobis miRebisas.

Sesabamisad, 1934 wlis 5 dekembris sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT

(1924 wlis konstituciis me-10 muxli) qalebma moipoves mamakacTa

Tanaswori politikuri uflebebi.

33.

Cacmulobas, iyo 1925 wlis 28 noembris aqti (kanoni #671), romelic

Cacmulobas ganixilavda, rogorc Tanamedroveobis sakiTxs.

pirveli

sakanonmdeblo

aqti,

romelic

aregulirebda

amgvaradve, 1934 wlis 3 dekembris Cacmulobis Sesaxeb aqtiT

(kanoni # 2596) religiuri niSnulebis tareba nebadarTuli iqna

mxolod aRmsareblobis adgilebSi da religiur ceremonialebze,

religiisa Tu rwmenis miuxedavad.

34. 1924 wlis aqtiT saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis Sesaxeb (kanoni

#430) daixura religiuri skolebi da yvela skola daeqvemdebara

ganaTlebis saministros kontrols. es aqti aris erTi im

kanonTagani, romelsac aqvs sakonstitucio statusi da daculia

TurqeTis konstituciis 174-e muxliT.

35. TurqeTSi islamuri Tavsaburavis tareba skolebsa da umaRles

saswavleblebSi bolo drois fenomenia, romelic saTaves iRebs

1980-iani wlebidan. am sakiTxze farTo diskusia imarTeboda da igi

kvlav cocxali debatebis sagnad rCeba TurqeTis sazogadoebaSi.

Tavsaburavis momxreni mis tarebas aRiqvamen valdebulebad da/an

religiur TviTmyofadobasTan dakavSirebul gamoxatvis formad.

Tumca sekularizmis momxreni, romlebic ganasxvaveben başörtüsü-s

(tradiciuli anatoluri Tavsaburavi, romelsac moSvebulad

ikeTeben) da turban-s (mWidrod moxveuli Tavsaburavi, romelic

faravs Tmasa da yels), islamur Tavsaburavs aRiqvamen politikuri

islamis simbolod. 1996 wlis 28 ivniss koaliciuri mTavrobis

(romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo islamisturi Refah Partisi-sa da

centristi-memarjvene Doğru Yol Partisi-sagan) mier Zalauflebis

mopovebis

Sedegad

gaimarTa

debatebi

Zlieri

politikuri

qveteqstebiT. Refah Partisi-is liderebi, imdroindeli premier-

ministris

CaTvliT,

demokratiuli

Rirebulebebisadmi

11

gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebiT

da

mravalferovani

samarTlebrivi sistemebis mxardaWeriT, romlebic funqcionireben

TiToeuli religiuri jgufisaTvis sxvadasxva religiuri wesebis

Tanaxmad, TurqeTis sazogadoebaSi aRqmulni iqnen respublikuri

Rirebulebebisa

da

samoqalaqo

mSvidobisaTvis

seriozul

safrTxed (ix. Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey, #.

41340/98, 41342/98, 41343/98 da41344/98, ECHR 2003-II).

2. Cacmis wesebi umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi da

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtika

36.

umaRles

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi

CacmasTan

dakavSirebiT pirveli sakanonmdeblo aqti gamoica 1981 wlis 22

ivliss kabinetis mier wesebis saxiT, romelTa Tanaxmad sajaro

dawesebulebebSi

da

organizaciebSi

momuSave

aparats

da

personals, aseve qal studentebs saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi

moeTxovaT Cveulebrivi, Tanamedrove tansacmlis tareba. wesebi

aseve krZalavda aparatis qali wevrebisa da studentebis mier

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Cadris tarebas.

37. 1982 wlis 20 dekembers umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo organos

mier gamoica cirkulari umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi

Tavsaburavis tarebis Sesaxeb. islamuri Tavsaburavebi aikrZala

saleqcio

auditoriebSi.

umaRlesma

administraciulma

sasamarTlom 1984 wlis 13 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina,

rom wesebi kanonis farglebSi xvdeboda da aRniSna:

`ubralo uwyinari praqtikis miRma, Tavsaburavis tareba xdeba

iseTi

xedvis

simbolo,

romelic

ewinaaRmdegeba

qalTa

Tavisuflebebs da respublikis ZiriTad principebs.~

38. 1988 wlis 10 dekembers ZalaSi Sevida umaRlesi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb aqtis (kanoni #2547) me-16 gardamavali nawili, sadac weria:

`umaRles

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebaTa

oTaxebsa

da

derefnebSi, mosamzadebel skolebSi, laboratoriebSi, klinikebsa

da mravaldisciplinur klinikebSi savaldebuloa Tanamedrove

Cacmulobis tareba. Cadris an Tavsaburavis tareba, romelic

faravs kisersa da Tmas, dasaSvebia religiuri aRmsareblobis

dros.~

39. 1989 wlis 7 martis gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic oficialur

gazeTSi daibeWda 1989 wlis 5 ivliss, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom

daadgina,

konstituciis

rom

zemoxsenebuli

me-2 (sekularizmi),

debuleba

me-10

ewinaaRmdegeboda

(kanonis winaSe

Tanasworoba) da 24-e (religiis Tavisufleba) muxlebs. man aseve

daadgina, rom es debuleba ver eTviseba sqesTa Tanasworobis

12

princips, romelic, inter alia, aSkarad devs respublikur da

revoluciur RirebulebebSi (ix. konstituciis preambula da 174-e

muxli).

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos

mosamarTleebma

TavianT

gadawyvetilebaSi pirvel rigSi axsnes is, rom sekularizmma

sakonstitucio statusi moipova qveynis istoriuli gamocdilebisa

da sxva religiebTan SedarebiT islamis Taviseburebis gamo;

sekularizmi iyo arsebiTi winapiroba demokratiisaTvis da

religiis Tavisuflebisa da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis garantis

saxiT moqmedebda.

is aseve icavda saxelmwifos, rom raime

upiratesoba ar mieniWebina romelime religiisa TuU rwmenisaTvis;

Sesabamisad, sekularuli saxelmwifo ver moixmobs religiur

aRmsareblobas

sakanonmdeblo

funqciebis

Sesrulebisas.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleebma daadgines, inter alia:

`sekularizmi

socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebisa, romelic efuZneba

erovnul suverenitets, demokratias, Tavisuflebasa da

aris

samoqalaqo

organizatori

politikuri,

mecnierebas. sekularizmi aris principi, romelic adamians

sTavazobs SesaZleblobas, gaimyaros Tavisi pirovnuloba azris

TavisuflebiT da romelic, politikasa da religiur rwmenas

Soris gansxvavebis dadgeniT, sindisisa da religiis Tavisuflebas

qmediTs xdis. religiaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebebSi, romlebic

funqcionireben religiuri azrebiTa da religiuri wesebiT,

politikuri organizacia religiuri xasiaTisaa. sekularul

reJimSi religia politikuri rolisagan Tavisufldeba. is aRar

warmoadgens Tanamdebobis pirTa iaraRs da inarCunebs Tavis

pativsacem adgils, romelic ganisazRvreba yvela adamianis

sindisiT...~.

mis daurRvevel bunebaze miTiTebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom religiis, sindisisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba,

romelic igive ar aris, rac calkeuli religiuri niSnebis

tarebis ufleba, pirvel rigSi, iZleva Tavisuflad arCevis

garantias, mihyves Tu ara piri ama Tu im religias. man axsna, rom

individualuri aRmsareblobis piraduli sferos farglebs miRma

religiis

sajaro

gamomJRavnebis

wesrigis

Tavisufleba

motiviT,

SesaZloa

raTa

SeizRudos

daculi iqnes

miRwevis

sekularizmis principi.

yvela Tavisufalia, airCios, ra Caicvas, magram aseve pativi unda

sces sazogadoebis socialur da religiur Rirebulebebsa da

tradiciebs. Tumca roca religiis gavleniT individebs Tavs

moexvaT specialuri Cacmuloba, es religia warmodgenili da

aRqmuli iqna, rogorc Rirebulebebis erTianoba, romelic

SeusabamobaSi modioda Tanamedrove sazogadoebasTan. ufro metic,

13

TurqeTSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba muslimani iyo,

islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis savaldebulo religiur

valdebulebad aRiareba gamoiwvevda Rrmad morwmune da morwmune

muslimanTa da aTeistTa Soris diskriminacias im sababiT, rom

nebismieri piri, vinc uars ityoda Tavsaburavis tarebaze, udavod

CaiTvleboda religiis mowinaaRmdeged an arareligiurad.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom aseve aRniSna, rom studentebs

ufleba unda hqondeT, imuSaon da ganaTleba miiRon mSvid,

tolerantul da ormxrivad damxmare atmosferoSi, am miznisagan

religiuri mikuTvnebis gamomxatveli niSnebiT acdenis gareSe. man

daadgina, rom imis miuxedavad, islamuri Tavsaburavi iyo Tu ara

islamis gamoxatuleba, am tipis religiuri simbolosaTvis

umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi samarTlebrivi cnobis

miniWeba

ar

Seesabameboda

princips,

romlis

mixedviTac

saxelmwifo unda iyos neitraluri, radgan igi valdebulia,

moagvaros konfliqtebi sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobisa da

rwmenis mqone studentebs Soris.

40. 1990 wlis 25 oqtombers ZalaSi Sevida #2547 kanonis me-17

garadamavali nawili, romelic gulisxmobs:

`umaRles

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi

unda

iyos

Cacmulobis Tavisufali arCevani, im pirobiT, Tu es ar

ewinaaRmdegeba moqmed kanonebs.~

41. 1991 wlis 9 aprilis gadawyvetilebaSi, romelic daibeWda

oficialur gazeTSi 1991 wlis 31 ivliss, sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom

aRniSna,

rom

1989

wlis

7

marts

miRebul

gadawyvetilebaSi dadgenili principis Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli

debuleba krZalavs umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

religiuri niSniT Tavsaburavebis tarebas da, amgvarad, igi

Seesabameba konstitucias. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daadgina,

inter alia:

`... fraza `moqmedi kanonebi~ upirveles yovlisa miuTiTebs

konstituciaze ... umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi

religiuri mrwamsis gamo kisrisa da Tmis CadriTa Tu

TavsaburaviT

Tanasworobis

saganmanaTleblo

dafarva

ewinaaRmdegeba

aseT SemTxvevebSi

sadavo

sekularizmisa

da

princips.

umaRles

debulebiT

dawesebulebebSi

nebadarTuli Cacmulobis arCevis Tavisufleba `ar gulisxmobs

religiuri xasiaTis Cacmulobas an kisrisa da Tmebis CadriTa Tu

TavsaburaviT dafarvas~,... am debulebiT (me-17 gardamavali

nawilis) nebadarTuli Tavisufleba pirobiTia da ar unda

ewinaaRmdegebodes `moqmed kanonebs~. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

1989 wlis 7 martis gadawyvetileba adgens, rom adamianis mier

14

kisrisa da Tmis CadriTa Tu TavsaburaviT dafarva pirvel

yovlisa winaaRmdegobaSi modis konstituciasTan. Sesabamisad,

zemoxsenebul nawilSi Camoyalibebuli piroba, romelic iTxovs,

rom Cacmulobis arCevani ar ewinaaRmdegebodes moqmed kanonebs,

Cacmulobis Tavisuflebis farglebidan iRebs kisrisa da Tmis

CadriTa Tu TavsaburaviT dafarvas~...~.

3. wesebis gamoyeneba stambulis universitetSi

42. stambulis universiteti daarsda meTxuTmete saukuneSi da

warmoadgens saxelmwifo umaRlesi saswavleblebis erT-erT

ZiriTad centrs TurqeTSi. mas aqvs Cvidmeti fakulteti (ori

samedicino fakultetis CaTvliT - Cerrahpaşa da Çapa) da Tormeti

umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo skola. masSi iricxeba daaxloebiT 50

000 studenti.

43. 1994 wels, universitetis medicinis skolaSi meanobis kursze

Caricxuli qali studentebis mier dawyebuli peticiis kampaniis

Semdgom, proreqtorma gaavrcela memorandumi, romelSic axsna

islamuri Tavsaburavis sakiTxis foni da Sesabamisi wesebis

samarTlebrivi safuZveli, kerZod ki aRniSna:

`meanobis kursis studentebisaTvis seminarebze Tavsaburavis

tarebis akrZalva miznad isaxavs ara maTi aRmsareblobisa da

religiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas, aramed emorCileba moqmed

kanonebsa da wesebs. TavianTi samuSaos Sesrulebisas meanebi da

meddebi

atareben

uniformas.

es

uniforma

aRwerili

da

gansazRvrulia

janmrTelobis

saministros

mier gacemuli

dadgenilebiT... studentebi, romlebsac surT am profesiis

daufleba, informirebulni arian amis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT meani

studenti, romelic cdilobs, bavSvi moaTavsos inkubatorSi an

gamoiyvanos

iqidan,

an

saoperacio

blokSi

Tu

dedaTa

ganyofilebaSi exmareba eqims da atarebs grZelsaxeloebian

paltos.~

44. proreqtori Sewuxebuli iyo, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis

tarebis nebarTvis moTxovnis kampaniam yvela sauniversiteto

dawesebulebaSi miaRwia piks, riTac gaCnda wesrigis darRvevis

riski, rac universitetSi, fakultetze, hospital Cerrahpaşa-Si da

medicinis

skolaSi

areulobas

gamoiwvevda.

man

mouwoda

studentebs, damorCilebodnen Cacmis wesebs da Seaxsena pacientTa

uflebebi.

45. 1994 wlis 1 ivniss universitetis aRmasrulebelma miiRo

rezolucia studentebisa da universitetis aparatisaTvis Cacmis

wesebis Sesaxeb, romelSic naTqvamia:

15

`umaRles saswavleblebSi Cacmulobis maregulirebeli wesebi

dadgenilia kanonebsa da dadgenilebebSi. sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romelic universitetebSi

religiuri niSnebis tarebas krZalavs.

gadawyvetileba exeba Cveni universitetis yvela students da

administraciul da sxva saxis akademiur personals, yvela doneze.

saxeldobr, meddebi, meanebi, eqimebi da veterinarebi valdebulni

arian, daemorCilon Cacmis wesebs, rogorc amas moiTxovs

samecniero gaTvlebi da kanonmdebloba, janmrTelobis da sxva

samecniero seminarebis dros (meddis saqmianobis, laboratoriuli

samuSaos, qirurgiis da mikrobiolobiis Sesaxeb). vinc ar

daemorCileba Cacmis wesebs, ar unda iqnes daSvebuli seminarebze.~

46. 1998 wlis 23 Tebervals gavrcelda stambulis universitetis

proreqtoris mier xelmowerili cirkulari, romelic Seicavda

instruqciebs universitetSi im studentTa miRebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic atarebdnen wvers an islamur Tavsaburavs (cirkularis

teqsti ixileT me-16 punqtSi).

47. 1998 wlis 9 ivliss universitetma miiRo rezolucia (#11),

romlis mixedviT:

`1. stambulis universitetis studentebi unda daemorCilon Cacmis

Sesaxeb kanonier principebsa da wesebs, romlebic dadgenilia

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlosa

da

umaRlesi

sasamarTlo

organoebis gadawyvetilebebSi.

2. studentebs ekrZalebaT iseTi tansacmlis tareba, romelic

simbolurad asaxavs an gamoxatavs romelime religias, rwmenas,

rasas

an

politikur

Tu

ideologiur

damokidebulebas

universitetis romelime institutsa Tu fakultetze an mis

derefnebSi.

3. studentebi unda daemorCilon wesebs, romlebic iTxovs

specialuri tansacmlis tarebas profesiuli niSniT TavianT

institutebsa da fakultetebze.

4. fotosuraTebi, romlebsac studentebi awvdian institutebs an

fakultetebs, gadaRebuli unda iqnes `anfasSi~ `Tavisa da kisris

daufaravad~. isini unda iyos araumetes eqvsi Tvis win gadaRebuli

da SesaZlebels unda xdides studentis identificirebas.

5. nebismieri piri, vinc gamoxatavs zemoaRniSnuli punqtebis

sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebas, an piri, romelic sityvierad,

werilobiTi formiT Tu saqmianobiT mxars uWers amgvar

16

damokidebulebas,

pasuxs

agebs

studentTa

disciplinuri

proceduris wesebis Tanaxmad~.

4. studentTa disciplinuri saproceso wesebi

48. studentTa disciplinuri saproceso

wesebi,

romlebic

gamoqveynda 1985 wlis 13 ianvris oficialur gazeTSi, moicavs

disciplinuri sasjelis xuT saxes: gafrTxilebas, SeniSvnas,

studentobis

erTi

kviridan

Tvemde

droebiT

SeCerebas,

studentobis erTi an ori semestriT droebiT SeCerebas da

garicxvas.

49. universitetis derefnebSi islamuri Tavsaburavis ubralo

tareba disciplinur gadacdomas ar warmoadgens.

50. wesebis me-6(a) punqtis Tanaxmad, studenti, romlis `qceva da

damokidebuleba ar Seefereba studentisas,~ miiRebs gafrTxilebas.

SeniSvna, inter alia, miecema studentebs, romelTa qcevac imgvaria,

rom kargaven pativiscemasa da rwmenas, romlebic maT moeTxovebaT

an romlebic Slian leqciebs, seminarebs, praqtikul mecadineobebs

laboratoriebSi an saseminaro darbazebSi (me-7 punqtis (a) da (e)

qvepunqtebi). studentebi, romlebic pirdapir an arapirdapir

zRudaven sxvaTa uflebebs iswavlon da aswavlon an visi qmedebac

iwvevs siCumis, simSvidis da Sromisunarianobis darRvevas, rac

aucilebelia umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi, an vinc

amgvar dawesebulebebSi erTveba politikur saqmianobaSi, pasuxs

agebs studentobis erTi kviridan erT Tvemde droebiTi SeCerebiT

(me-8 punqtis (a) da (c) qvepunqtebi). me-9 punqtis (j) qvepunqti adgens,

rom studentebi, romlebic organizebas ukeTeben an monawileoben

arasanqcirebul mitingebSi universitetis derefnebSi, pasuxs

ageben studentobis erTidan or semestramde droebiTi SeCerebiT.

51. disciplinur saCivarTa gamoZiebis procedura Camoyalibebulia

13-34 wesebSi. me-16 da 33-e punqtebis mixedviT, pativi unda eces

studentTa dacvis uflebas da disciplinurma sabWom unda

gaiTvaliswinos is mizezebi, ramac ganapiroba studentis mier

wesebis darRveva. yvela disciplinuri RonisZieba eqvemdebareba

administraciul sasamarTloSi sasamarTlo gadasinjvas.

5. universitetis organoTa mier regulirebis ufleba

52. vinaidan konstituciis 130-e muxlis Tanaxmad umaRlesi

saswavleblebi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebia, maT

eniWebaT avtonomiis xarisxi da eqvemdebarebian saxelmwifo

kontrols,

samenejmento

rac

imaSi

gamoixateba,

mier,

rom

rogoricaa

isini

imarTebian

proreqtori,

organoebis

delegirebuli kanonieri uflebebiT.

17

#2547 kanonis me-13 nawilis Sesabamisi nawili ambobs:

`... (b) proreqtorebs aqvT Semdegi uflebebi, kompetencia da

valdebulebebi:

1. uxelmZRvanelon universitetis gamgeobis Sexvedrebs, danergon

maTi

rezoluciebi,

ganixilon

universitetis

gamgeobis

winadadebebi da miiRon saWiro gadawyvetilebebi da uzrunvelyon,

rom universitetis dawesebulebebma imuSaon koordinirebuli

wesiT,...

5.

zedamxedveloba

da

monitoringi

gauwios

universitetis

departamentebs da universitetis aparats yvela doneze.

proreqtori upirvelesad pasuxs agebs usafrTxoebis zomebis

miRebaze

da

universitetis

muSaobis

administraciul

da

samecniero aspeqtebis zedamxedvelobasa da monitoringze...~

53. #2547 kanonis me-13 nawilis Tanaxmad, proreqtorisaTvis

miniWebuli monitoringisa da zedamxedvelobis ufleba

eqvemdebareba administraciuli sasamarTloebis mier dawesebul

kanonierebisa da yuradRebiT Seswavlis moTxovnebs.

C. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis samotivacio

nawilis savaldebuli Zala

54. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Tavis 1999 wlis 27 maisis

gadawyvetilebaSi (E. 1998/58, K. 1999/19), romelic daibeWda 2000

wlis 4 martis oficialur gazeTSi (Official Gazette), daadgina, inter

alia:

`sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebisaTvis savaldebuloa

rogorc gadawyvetilebaTa sarezolucio nawilebi, aseve mTliani

motivaciac.

gadawyvetilebebsa

da

maTSi

Camoyalibebul

motivaciaSi dadgenilia standartebi, romlebiTac sakanonmdeblo

saqmianoba unda Sefasdes, da am saqmianobisaTvis dawesebulia

saxelmZRvanelo direqtivebi.~

D. SedarebiTi samarTali

55. oc weliwadze metia islamuri Tavsaburavebis adgili

saxelmwifo ganaTlebis sferoSi evropaSi debatebis sagnad iqca.

umetes evropul saxelmwifoSi debatebi ZiriTadad exeboda

dawyebiT da saSualo skolebs. Tumca TurqeTSi, azerbaijansa da

albaneTSi debatebi exeboda ara marto individis Tavisuflebis

Temas,

aramed

aseve

islamuri

Tavsaburavis

politikur

mniSvnelobasac. es is wevri saxelmwifoebia, romlebmac umaRles

18

saswavleblebSi

daaweses.

islamuri

Tavsaburavis

tarebaze

SezRudva

56. safrangeTSi, sadac sekularizmi respublikuri Rirebulebebis

erT-erT ZiriTad qvakuTxedad iTvleba, kanoni, romelic

sekularizmis principis Sesabamisad aregulirebs saxelmwifo

dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi religiuri mikuTvnebis

gamomxatveli niSnebisa da tansacmlis tarebas, miRebuli iqna 2004

wlis 14 marts. kanoniT ganaTlebis kodeqss daemata axali muxli

L. 141-5-1, romlis Tanaxmad: `saxelmwifo dawyebiT da saSualo

skolebSi im niSnebisa da tansacmlis tareba, romlebiTac

moswavle zedmetad gamoxatavs Tavis religiur mikuTvnebas,

akrZalulia. skolis wesebiT unda dadgindes, rom disciplinuri

samarTalwarmoebis dawyebas win unda uswrebdes moswavlesTan

dialogi~.

es aqti Seexeba yvela saxelmwifo skolasa Tu saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebas, bakalavriatis Semdgomi kursebis CaTvliT (grandes

écoles-Si Sesasvleli mosamzadebeli kursebi da daxelovnebis

treningis kursebi). is ar moicavs saxelmwifo universitetebs. amas

garda, 2004 wlis 18 maisis cirkulari naTels xdis, rom aqti exeba

`... niSnebs..., rogoricaa islamuri Tavsaburavi, rac ar unda erqvas

mas, kipa an Zalian didi zomis jvari, romelic dauyovnebliv

amocnobads xdis matareblis religiur mikuTvnebulobas.~

57. belgiaSi franguli sazogadoebrivi jgufis 1994 wlis 13

martis dekreti adgens, rom sazogadoebaSi ganaTleba unda iyos

neitraluri.

moswavleebs

principSi

ufleba

aqvT,

ataron

religiuri niSnebi. Tumca maT amis ufleba aqvT mxolod maSin, Tu

daculia adamianis uflebebi, sxvaTa reputacia, erovnuli

usafrTxoeba, sajaro wesrigi, sazogadoebrivi janmrTeloba da

morali da es Seesabameba Sida wesebs. garda amisa, maswavleblebma

ar unda dauSvan maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofTa mier religiuri da

filosofiuri

prozelitizmi

an

moswavleebis

mier

an

moswavleebis meSveobiT politikuri dapirispirebis organizeba.

dekreti adgens, rom SezRudvebi SeiZleba dawesdes skolis

wesebiT. 2004 wlis 19 maiss frangulma sazogadoebrivma jgufma

gamosca

dekreti,

romelic

miznad

isaxavda

mopyrobis

Tanasworobis dawesebas. flamandiur sazogadoebriv jgufSi

skolebSi ar arsebobs aranairi uniformis politika imis Sesaxeb,

unda iqnes Tu ara nebadarTuli religiuri an filosofiuri

niSnebis tareba. zogierTi atarebs, zogic

–

ara. rodesac

moswavleebs ufleba aqvT, ataron msgavsi niSnebi, SeiZleba

SezRudvebi dawesdes higienisa da usafrTxoebis safuZvliT.

58. sxva qveynebSi (avstria, germania, holandia, espaneTi, SvedeTi,

Sveicaria

da

gaerTianebuli

samefo),

rig

SemTxvevebSi

19

samarTlebrivi debatebis Semdgom, saxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo

organoebi nebas rTaven musliman moswavleebsa da studentebs,

ataron islamuri Tavsaburavebi.

59. germaniaSi, sadac debatebi imarTeboda im sakiTxze, unda

hqonodaT Tu ara maswavleblebs ufleba, etarebinaT islamuri

Tavsaburavebi,

2003

wlis

24

seqtembers

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom maswavlebelsa da baden-vurtenbergis miwas Soris

saqmeze daadgina, rom kanonSi amkrZalavi normis ararseboba

niSnavda, rom maswavleblebs ufleba hqondaT, Tavsaburavi

etarebinaT. Sesabamisad, amiT miwis sakanonmdeblo organo

valdebuli gaxda, saxelmwifo skolebSi islamuri Tavsaburavis

tarebis akrZalvis survilis SemTxvevaSi, daedgina Cacmis wesebi.

60.

avstriaSi

ar

arsebobs

specialuri

kanonmdebloba

Tavsaburavis, turbanis an kipas tarebis Sesaxeb. zogadad

dadgenilia, rom Tavsaburavis tarebis akrZalva gamarTlebuli

iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amiT safrTxe eqmneba

moswavleTa janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebas.

61. gaerTianebul samefoSi tolerantuli midgomaa im moswavleTa

mimarT,

romlebic

atareben

religiur

niSnebs.

islamur

TavsaburavebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi iSviaTia. am sakiTxze

debatebi gaimarTa mxolod skolebSi rasobrivi diskrimanaciis

aRmofxvris konteqstSi mravalkulturuli xasiaTis SenarCunebis

mizniT (ix., saxeldobr, Mandla v. Dowell, ‘The Law Reports’ 1983, 548-570).

rasobrivi

Tanasworobis

komisiam,

romlis

gadawyvetilebac

mxolod sarekomendacio saxiaTisaa, aseve ganixila islamuri

Tavsaburavis sakiTxi 1988 wels saqmeSi Altrincham Grammar School,

romelic dasrulda kompromisiT kerZo skolasa da ojaxis

wevrTagan or das Soris, romlebic iTxovdnen uflebas, skolaSi

etarebinaT islamuri Tavsaburavi. skola daTanxmda, maTTvis neba

daerTo, etarebinaT Tavsaburavi, Tu igi iqneboda Ria lurji

(skolis formis feri), kiserze Sekruli, dekoraciis gareSe.

saqmeSi R (begumis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) damrigeblisa da denbais

umaRlesi skolis winaaRmdeg (2004) umaRles sasamarTlos unda

gadaewyvita dava skolasa da musliman moswavles Soris,

romelsac surda jilbabis tareba (grZelsaxeloebiani xalaTi).

skola moiTxovda, rom moswavleebs etarebinaT forma, romlis

erT-erTi variacia iyo Tavsaburavi da shalwar kameeze (grZeli

tradiciuli induri tansacmeli). 2004 wlis ivnisSi umaRlesma

sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila moswavlis sarCeli, daadgina ra,

rom misi religiis Tavisufleba ar darRveula. Tumca es

gadawyvetileba

2005

wlis

martSi

Secvala

saapelacio

sasamarTlom, romelmac CaTvala, rom adgili hqonda moswavlis

religiis TavisuflebaSi Carevas, radgan gaerTianebul samefoSi

20

muslimanTa umciresoba Tvlida, rom jilbabis tareba gardatexis

asakSi religiur movaleobas warmoadgenda da am moswavles Rrmad

sjeroda am mosazrebisa. skolis administraciam ver warmoadgina

Carevis gamamarTlebeli mizezi, radgan gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesi ar Seesabameboda religiis Tavisuflebis moTxovnebs.

62. espaneTSi kanoniT akrZaluli ar aris saxelmwifo skolebSi

religiuri Tavsaburavebis tareba. 1996 wlis 26 ianvris ori

samefo dekretiT, romlebic Seexeba dawyebiT da saSualo

skolebs,

Tu

kompetenturma,

avtonomiurma

sazogadoebrivma

organom sxva specialuri RonisZiebebi ar miiRo, skolis

mmarTvelebs ufleba aqvT, gamoscen skolis wesebi, romlebSic

SeiZleba Setanili iqnes Cacmis Sesaxeb debulebebi. zogadad

saxelmwifo skolebSi Tavsaburavis tareba nebadarTulia.

63. fineTsa da SvedeTSi skolaSi dasaSvebia Cadris tareba. Tumca

gansxvavebaa dadgenili burkas (Cadri, romelic faravs mTel

sxeulsa da saxes) da niqabs (Cadri, romelic faravs sxeulis zeda

nawils,

Tvalebis

garda)

Soris.

SvedeTSi

erovnulma

saganmanaTleblo saagentom 2003 wels gamosca savaldebulo

direqtivebi. am direqtivebiT skolebs ufleba eZlevaT, akrZalon

burkasa da niqabis tareba, im pirobiT, rom amas gaakeTeben sqesTa

Soris Tanasworobis saerTo Rirebulebebisa da demokratiuli

principebis pativiscemis Sesaxeb dialogis suliskveTebiT, rasac

efuZneba saganmanaTleblo sistema.

64. holandiaSi, sadac islamuri Tavsaburavi ganixileba ufro

metad diskriminaciis, vidre religiuri Tavisuflebis WrilSi,

damokidebuleba mis mimarT zogadad tolerantulia. 2003 wels

gamoica arasavaldebulo Zalis mqone direqtiva. skolebs ufleba

aqvT, moswavleebs mosTxovon formis tareba, im pirobiT, rom es

wesebi ar iqneba diskriminaciuli, iqneba skolis mimdinareobis

nawili da maTi darRvevisaTvis dawesebuli sasjeli ar iqneba

araproporciuli. burkas akrZalva gamarTlebulia im mizeziT, rom

saWiroa moswavleTa identifikacia da maTTan komunikacia. amas

garda, 1997 wels Tanaswori mopyrobis komisiam daadgina, rom

gakveTilebze Cadris tarebis akrZalva ar iyo diskriminaciuli

xasiaTis qmedeba.

65. sxva ramdenime qveyanaSi (CexeTis respublika, saberZneTi,

ungreTi, poloneTi da slovakeTi) islamuri Tavsaburavis Temas

detaluri samarTlebrivi debatebi jer ar warmouSvia.

E. evropis sabWos Sesabamisi dokumentebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb

21

66. evropis sabWos mier miRebul sxvadasxva dokuments Soris

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos

saparlamento

umciresobebisTvis

asambleis

umaRlesi

rekomendacia

ganaTlebis

#1353

xelmisawvdomobis

(1998)

Sesaxeb, romelic miRebuli iqna 1998 wlis 27 ianvars, da

ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia # R (98) 3 umaRlesi ganaTlebis

xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebuli iqna 1998 wlis 17

marts.

am sferoSi sxva Sesabamisi instrumenti aris evropis sabWosa da

`iuneskos~ erToblivi konvencia evropis regionSi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis kvalifikaciis cnobis Sesaxeb, romelic xelmowerili

iqna 1997 wlis 11 aprils lisabonSi da ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 1

Tebervals.

67. evropis regionSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis kvalifikaciis cnobis

Sesaxeb konvenciis preambulaSi naTqvamia:

`im faqtis aRiareba, rom ganaTlebis ufleba adamianis uflebaa da

rom

gaRrmavebis saSualebaa, warmoadgens gansakuTrebulad mdidar

kulturul da samecniero Rirebulebas individisa da

sazogadoebisaTvis...~

umaRlesi

ganaTleba,

romelic

codnis

miRebisa

da

68. 1998 wlis 17 marts evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetma miiRo

rekomendacia # R (98) 3 umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis

Sesaxeb. rekomendaciis preambulaSi naTqvamia:

`... umaRlesi ganaTleba gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs adamianis

uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis xelSewyobasa da

pluralisturi demokratiisa da tolerantobis gaZlierebaSi (da)...

is

SesaZleblobas, miiRon umaRlesi ganaTleba, Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs

demokratiis uzrunvelyofaSi da socialuri daZabulobis

situaciebSi rwmenis aRdgenaSi...~

afarToebs

sazogadoebis

yvela

jgufis

wevrTaTvis

69. analogiurad, evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mier 1998

wlis 27 ianvars miRebuli, umciresobaTaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb #1353 (1998) rekomendaciis me-2 muxlSi

naTqvamia:

`ganaTlebis miReba adamianis ZiriTadi uflebaa da, Sesabamisad,

mis yvela safexurze, umaRlesi ganaTlebis CaTvliT, Tanabrad

unda

miuwvdebodes

xeli

evropis

kulturuli

konvenciis

xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa yvela mudmiv mcxovrebs.~

samarTali

22

I. konvenciis me-9 muxlis savaraudo darRveva

70.

ganmcxadeblis

azriT,

umaRles

saganmanaTleblo

tarebis akrZalva

dawesebulebebSi

islamuri

Tavsaburavis

warmoadgenda ukanono Carevas mis religiis TavisuflebaSi,

kerZod, mis uflebaSi, gaecxadebina sakuTari religia.

man moixmo konvenciis me-9 muxli, romelic ambobs:

1. `yvelas

aqvs

ufleba

azris,

sindisisa

da

religiis

Tavisuflebisa;

es ufleba moicavs religiis an rwmenis

Secvlis Tavisuflebas da, agreTve, Tavisuflebas, rogorc

individualurad, ise sxvebTan erTad, saqveynod an gankerZoebiT,

gaacxados Tavisi religia Tu rwmena aRmsareblobiT, swavlebiT,

wesebis dacviTa da ritualebis aRsrulebiT.

2. religiis an rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba

mxolod iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT

da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi

usafrTxoebis

janmrTelobis

interesebisaTvis,

Tu moralis

sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis,

uflebaTa da

an

sxvaTa

TavisuflebaTa dasacavad.~

A. palatis gadawyvetileba

71. palatam daadgina, rom stambulis universitetis wesebiT,

romlebiTac ikrZaleboda islamuri Tavsaburavis tareba, da

SemdgomSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebiT moxda Careva ganmcxadeblis

uflebaSi, gaemJRavnebina sakuTari religia. palatam scada,

daedgina, iyo Tu ara es Careva gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT da

emsaxureboda Tu ara konvenciis me-9 muxlis meore punqtSi

CamoTvlil romelime kanonier mizans. principSi, Careva iyo

kanonieri da proporciuli miznisa, romelsac igi emsaxureboda,

Sesabamisad, iyo `saWiro demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~ (ix.

palatis gadawyvetilebis punqtebi 66 da 116).

B. mxareTa komentarebi didi palatis winaSe

72. 2004 wlis 27 seqtembers dasmul moTxovnaSi, saqme gadascemoda

did palatas, aseve mosmenaze zepiri prezentaciis dros

ganmcxadebelma gaaprotesta safuZvlebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac

palatam daadgina, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-9 muxlis

darRvevas.

73. Tumca 2005 wlis 25 ianvars didi palatisaTvis miwodebul

werilobiT komentarebSi man ganacxada, rom ar iTxovda

23

qalTaTvis islamuri Tavsaburavis yvelgan tarebis uflebis

samarTlebriv cnobas, inter alia, misi sityvebi ase JRerda: `seqciis

gadawyvetilebaSi

bundovania

cneba,

romlis

Tanaxmadac

Tavsaburavis tarebis ufleba yovelTvis ar iqneba daculi

religiis TavisuflebiT. me ar vewinaaRmdegebi aseT midgomas.~

74. mTavrobam sTxova did palatas, daemtkicebina palatis

gadawyvetileba, rom adgili ar hqonia me-9 muxlis darRvevas.

C. sasamarTlos Sefaseba

75. sasamarTlom unda ganixilos, moxda Tu ara ganmcxadeblis me-9

muxliT garantirebul uflebaSi Careva da Tu moxda, iyo Tu ara

es Careva `gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT~, emsaxureboda Tu ara

kanonier mizans da iyo Tu ara `demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis

saWiro~ konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare.

1. moxda Tu ara Careva

76. ganmcxadebelma ganacxada, rom Cacmulobis misi arCevani

aRqmuli unda yofiliyo im religiuri wesisadmi damorCilebad,

romelsac igi `miRebul praqtikad~ Tvlida. igi amtkicebda, rom

universitetebSi islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis SezRudva iyo

pirdapiri Careva mis uflebaSi, gaemJRavnebina Tavisi religia.

77. mTavrobas am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi palatisaTvis

komentarebi ar miuwodebia.

78. sakiTxze, hqonda Tu ara adgili Carevas, didma palatam ZalaSi

datova palatis daskvna (ix. palatis gadawyvetileba, punqti 71):

`ganmcxadebelma

aRniSna,

rom

Tavsaburavis

tarebiT

igi

emorCileboda religiis moTxovnebs da amgvarad gamoxatavda Tavis

survils,

valdebulebebi.

mkacrad

daecva

islamuri

misi gadawyvetileba,

rwmeniT

dawesebuli

etarebina

Sesabamisad,

Tavsaburavi, SesaZloa miCneuli iqnes religiiT an rwmeniT

motivirebulad an STagonebulad da imis dadgenis gareSe, aseTi

gadawyvetileba

yvela

saqmeSi

religiuri

valdebulebis

Sesasrulebladaa Tu ara miRebuli, sasamarTlo varaudobs, rom

gansaxilveli wesebi, romlebiTac universitetebSi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebis uflebaze dawesda adgilisa da xasiaTis

mixedviT

SezRudvebi,

warmoadgenda

Carevas

ganmcxadeblis

uflebaSi, gamoexata Tavisi religia.~

2. `gaTvaliswinebuli kanoniT~

24

(a) mxareTa komentarebi didi palatis winaSe

79. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, arc 1993 wels, rodesac igi Cairicxa

universitetSi, da arc amis Semdeg universitetebSi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb `dawerili kanoni~ ar

arsebobda. man axsna, rom studentTa disciplinuri saproceduro

wesebis Tanaxmad, islamuri Tavsaburavis ubralod tareba

disciplinur gadacdomas ar warmoadgenda (ix. zemoT, punqtebi 49

da 50). pirveli aqti, riTac SeizRuda Tavsaburavis tarebis misi

ufleba, iyo universitetis proreqtoris mier 1998 wlis 23

Tebervals gamocemuli cirkulari, romelic gamoica oTxnaxevari

wlis Semdeg.

80. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, azrsmoklebuli da ukanonoa imaze

kamaTi,

rom

wesebs

samarTlebriv

safuZvlad

TurqeTis

sasamarTloebis praqtika daedo, radgan sasamarTloebs aqvT

mxolod kanonebis Sefardebis da ara axali samarTlebrivi

wesebis Seqmnis iurisdiqcia. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakonstitucio

sasamarTlo Tavis 1989 wlis 7 martisa da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis

gadawyvetilebebSi (ix. punqtebi 39 da 41) ar moqmedebda ultra vires

calkeul saqmeebSi Tavsaburavis akrZalviT, kanonmdebelma am

gadawyvetilebaTagan pirveli ar aRiqva, rogorc islamuri

Tavsaburavis akrZalvis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Seqmnis moTxovna.

ar arsebobda aranairi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo debuleba, romelic

krZalavda umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi studentTa

mier

Tavsaburavis

tarebas,

maSin,

roca

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos mier mis gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli motivacia

kanonis Zalis mqone ar iyo.

81. ganmcxadebeli acxadebs, rom maSin, roca universitetis

organoebi, proreqtoris ofisisa da dekanatebis CaTvliT, udavod

Tavisufalni iyvnen, gamoeyenebinaT maTTvis kanoniT miniWebuli

uflebebi, kanoniT gansazRvruli iyo aseve am uflebaTa farglebi

da sazRvrebi, iseve, rogorc procedurebi, Tu rogor unda

momxdariyo am uflebebiT sargebloba, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,

agreTve, organoTa mier uflebamosilebis gadametebis winaaRmdeg

dacvis garantiebi. manamde proreqtors ar hqonda ufleba, arc

moqmedi kanonebiT da arc studentTa disciplinuri saproceso

wesebiT, `Tavsaburaviani~ studentisaTvis aekrZala universitetis

derefnebsa

kanonmdebels

da

sagamocdo

arc erT

oTaxebSi

etapze ar

Sesvla.

ucdia

amas

skolebsa

garda,

da

universitetebSi religiuri niSnebis tarebaze zogadi akrZalvis

daweseba da parlamentSi amgvari akrZalvisaTvis arasodes mxari

ar dauWeriaT, miuxedavad im mwvave debatebisa, romlebic

warmoiSva Tavsaburavebis irgvliv. ufro metic, is faqti, rom

administraciulma organoebma ar daadgines zogadi wesebi

umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi studentTa mier

25

Tavsaburavis

tarebaze

disciplinuri

sasjelebis

dawesebis

Sesaxeb, niSnavda, rom aseTi SezRudvebi ar arsebobda.

82. ganmcxadebeli miiCnevda, rom mis uflebaSi Careva ar iyo

ganWvretadi da `kanonze~ dafuZnebuli konvenciis Sinaarsidan

gamomdinare.

83. mTavrobam kvlav sTxova did palatas, daemtkicebina palatis

mier am sakiTxze gakeTebuli daskvnebi.

(b) sasamarTlos Sefaseba

84. sasamarTlo moixmobs mis mier dadgenil praqtikas, romlis

mixedviTac `gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT~ pirvel rigSi moiTxovs,

rom

sadavo

RonisZieba

gaTvaliswinebuli

iyos

erovnuli

kanonmdeblobiT. is aseve miuTiTebs Sesabamisi kanonis xarisxze,

moiTxovs ra, rom kanoni iyos pirebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi da

sakmarisi sizustiT Camoyalibebuli, raTa maT, saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi rCeviT, SeZlon ganWvriton, konkretul

garemoebebSi gonivruli xarisxiT, is Sedegebi, romlebic mohyveba

maT qcevas, da daareguliron TavianTi qmedeba (Gorzelik and Others v.

Poland, [GC], # 44158/98, punqti 64, ECHR 2004-…).

85. sasamarTlo adgens, rom ganmcxadeblis argumenti TurqeTis

kanonmdeblobis bundovanobis Sesaxeb ar exeboda 1998 wlis 23

Tebervlis cirkulars, rasac efuZneboda leqciebze, seminarebsa

Tu praqtikul mecadineobebze studentTa mier Cadris tarebis

akrZalva. es cirkulari gamocemuli iqna stambulis universitetis

proreqtoris mier, romelic, rogorc xelmZRvaneli piri ZiriTadi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebiT, pasuxismgebeli iyo, winaswar

ganeWvrita

da

monitoringi

daewesebina

universitetis

funqcionirebis administraciul da samecniero aspeqtebze. man

cirkulari gamosca #2547 kanonis me-13 nawilis (ix. zemoT, punqti

52) da manamde miRebuli maregulirebeli debulebebis Sesabamisad.

86. ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, cirkulari ar Seesabameboda #2547

kanonis me-17 gardamaval nawils, romelic ar krZalavda islamur

Tavsaburavebs, da ar arsebobda arc erTi samarTlebrivi norma,

romelic maregulirebeli debulebis safuZveli SeiZleboda

gamxdariyo.

87. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlom unda ganixilos, SeiZleboda Tu ara,

rom

#2547

kanonis

me-17

gardamavali

nawili

yofiliyo

cirkularis samarTlebrivi safuZveli. am kuTxiT igi imeorebs,

rom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis interpretaciisa da gamoyenebis

ufleba, pirvel rigSi, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organoebis, kerZod

ki sasamarTloebis prerogativaa (ix. Kruslin v. France, 1990 wlis 24

26

aprilis gadawyvetileba, seria A, # 176-A, gv. 21, punqti 29) da

aRniSnavs, rom cirkularis ukanonobis argumentis uaryofisas

administraciuli

sasamarTloebi

uzenaesi

administraciuli

sasamarTlosa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dadgenil praqtikas

eyrdnobian (ix. zemoT, punqti 19).

88.

rac

Seexeba

terminebs

`kanonis

Sesabamisad~

da

`gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT~, romlebic gvxvdeba konvenciis me-8-

me-11 muxlebSi, sasamarTlo adgens, rom terminSi `kanoni~ igi

yovelTvis mis `arss~ igebda da ara `formalur~ gamoxatulebas;

igi gulisxmobs rogorc `werilobiT kanons~, romelic moicavs

dabali rangis pirTa mier gamocemul aqtebs (De Wilde, Ooms and

Versyp v. Belgium, 1971 wlis 18 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, seriaA #12, gv.

45, punqti 93), ise parlamentis mier miniWebuli damoukidebeli

sakanonmdeblo

uflebamosilebis

safuZvelze

profesional

xelmZRvanel organoTa mier miRebul maregulirebel RonisZiebebs

(Bartold v. Germany, 1985 wlis 25 martis gadawyvetileba, seria A # 90,

gv. 21, punqti 46) da dauwerel kanonebs. `kanonSi~ igulisxmeba

rogorc sakanonmdeblo organos mier miRebuli kanoni, ise

mosamarTlis mier dadgenili `kanoni~ (ix., sxva wyaroebs Soris,

Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom (#1), 1979 wlis 26 aprilis

gadawyvetileba, seria A, # 30, gv. 30, punqti 47; Kruslin v. France, 1990

wlis 24 aprilis gadawyvetileba, seria A # 176-A, gv. 21, punqti 29;

daCasado Coca v. Spain, 1994 wlis 24 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, seria

A # 285-A, gv. 18, punqti 43). jamSi, `kanoni~ aris moqmedi norma

kompetenturi sasamarTloebis ganmartebiT.

89. Sesabamisad, sakiTxi ganxiluli unda iqnes ara marto #2547

kanonis me-17 gardamavali nawilis, aramed aseve Sesabamisi

sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze.

amasTan mimarTebaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlom 1991 wlis 9

aprilis gadawyvetilebaSi (ix. punqti 41) aRniSna, rom am nawilis

Tanaxmad, umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi Cacmis

Tavisufleba absoluturi ar aris. am debulebis mixedviT,

studentebi Tavisufalni arian Cacmulobis AarCevaSi, `im pirobiT,

rom maTi arCevani winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis moqmed kanonebTan~.

90. Sesabamisad, kamaTi Seexeba zemoxsenebul debulebaSi frazis

`moqmedi kanoni~ mniSvnelobas.

91. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom ganWvretadobis cnebis farglebi

damokidebulia gansaxilveli instrumentis Sinaarsis xarisxze,

sferoze, romelsac igi faravs, da im pirTa raodenobasa da

statusze, romelTac exeba. mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes aseve

miRebuli is faqti, rom, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad naTladaa

samarTlebrivi norma Camoyalibebuli, misi gamoyeneba moicavs

27

sasamarTlo

interpretaciis

gardauval

elements,

radgan

yovelTvis saWiroa sadavo sakiTxebis garkveva da calkeul

situaciebTan maTi adaptacia. eWvis farglebi zRvarze myof

faqtebTan

mimarTebaSi

samarTlebriv

normas

gamoyenebisas

TavisTavad bundovans ar xdis. arc is faqti, rom aseT normas

SeuZlia Seqmnas erTze meti konstruqcia, niSnavs imas, rom igi

ver

`ganWvretadobis~

Sefasebis funqcia

akmayofilebs

moTxovnas.

swored

konvenciis

sasamarTloebisTvis

aseTi,

miznidan

gamomdinare

miniWebuli

interpretaciasTan

dakavSirebuli, eWvebis aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobs, yoveldRiur

praqtikaSi arsebuli cvlilebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT (Gorzelik

and Others, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 65).

92. amasTan mimarTebiT sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom zemoxsenebul gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina, rom fraza

`moqmedi

kanonebi~

aucileblad

moicavs

konstitucias.

gadawyvetilebam aseve naTeli gaxada, rom studentebisTvis

nebarTvis micema, universitetebSi etarebinaT `Tmisa da kisris

damfaravi Cadri da Tavsaburavi religiuri aRmsareblobis

mizeziT~ ewinaaRmdegeboda konstitucias (ix. zemoT, punqti 41).

93. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic erTsa

da imave dros iyo savaldebulo (ix. punqtebi 29 da 54) da

xelmisawvdomi, romelic daibeWda 1991 wlis 31 ivliss oficialur

gazeTSi, iqca me-17 gardamavali nawilis da sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos winandeli praqtikis damatebad (ix. punqti 39). amas

garda, manamde uzenaesi administraciuli sasamarTlo wlebis

ganmavlobaSi gamudmebiT adgenda, rom universitetebSi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tareba ar Seesabameboda respublikis ZiriTad

principebs, radgan Tavsaburavi xedviT simbolod qcevis procesSi

iyo, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda qalTa Tavisuflebebsa da ZiriTad

principebs (ix. punqti 37).

94. rac Seexeba ganmcxadeblis arguments, rom kanonmdebels

Tavsaburavis tarebaze akrZalva arasodes dauwesebia, sasamarTlo

imeorebs, rom misi saqme ar aris, azri gamoxatos mopasuxe

saxelmwifos kanonmdeblis mier am sferos dasaregulireblad

arCeuli

meTodebis

vargisobis

Sesaxeb.

misi

amocana

Semoifargleba imis gadawyvetiT, Seesabameboda Tu ara konvencias

miRebuli meTodebi da maT mier gamowveuli Sedegi (Gorzelik and

Others, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 67).

95. ufro metic, is faqti, rom stambulisa Tu sxva universitetebs

ar

unda

hqonodaT

ufleba,

ganurCevlad

yvela

saqmeSi

gamoeyenebinaT konkretuli wesi (am sakiTxSi #2547 kanonis me-17

gardamavali nawili mihyveba Sesabamis sasamarTlo praqtikas),

mxedvelobaSi unda mieRoT calkeuli saqmeebis konteqsti da

28

konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, TavisTavad am wess bundovans ar

xdis. TurqeTis sakonstitucio sistemaSi sauniversiteto

organoebs ufleba ara aqvT, nebismier garemoebebSi SezRudvebi

daaweson ZiriTad uflebebze kanonieri safuZvlis gareSe (ix.

konstituciis me-13 muxli – punqti 29). maTi roli Semoifargleba

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis Sida wesebis dadgeniT im normis

Sesabamisad, romelic iTxovs statutTan Sesabamisobas da

eqvemdebareba

uflebas.

administraciuli

sasamarTloebis

gadasinjvis

96. sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom rTulia sizustis maRali xarisxiT

kanonebis Seqmna Sida sauniversiteto wesebze da mkacri

regulireba SeiZleba Seusabamo aRmoCndes (ix., mutatis mutandis,

Gorzelik and Others, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 67).

97. analogiurad, eWvs miRmaa is faqti, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis

tarebis Sesaxeb wesebi stambulis universitetSi arsebobda 1994

wlidan, dawesda manamde, sanam iq ganmcxadebeli Cairicxeboda (ix.

punqtebi 43 da 45).

98.

am

garemoebebSi

sasamarTlo

adgens,

rom

TurqeTis

kanonmdeblobaSi arsebobda Carevis samarTlebrivi safuZveli,

kerZod, #2547 kanonis me-17 nawili, wakiTxuli erovnuli

sasamarTloebis mier dadgenil sasamarTlo praqtikis safuZvelze.

kanoni xelmisawvdomi iyo da sakmarisad zustad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos,

ganmcxadeblisTvis stambulis universitetSi Caricxvis momentidan

naTeli unda yofiliyo, rom sauniversiteto darbazebSi

rac

akmayofilebs

ganWvretadobis

moTxovnebs.

akrZaluli iyo islamuri Tavsaburavis tareba da rom 1998 wlis 23

Tebervlidan igi ar daiSveboda leqciebsa da gamocdebze, Tu

gaagrZelebda Tavsaburavis tarebas.

3. kanonieri mizani

99.

saqmis

garemoebebisa

da

erovnuli

sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia

daaskvnas, rom sadavo Careva pirvel rigSi emsaxureboda kanonier

mizans sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis da sajaro wesrigis

dasacavad. es aris sakiTxi, romelic mxareTa Soris davis sagans

ar warmoadgens.

4. `aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi~

(a) mxareTa mimarTvebi didi palatisadmi

(i) ganmcxadeblis argumentacia

29

100. ganmcxadebelma gaaprotesta palatis gadawyvetileba. 2004

wlis 27 seqtembris werilobiT mimoxilvebSi da mosmenaze zepir

gamosvlaSi ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom terminebi `demokratia~

da `respublika~ erTi da igive ar iyo. maSin, roca bevri

totalitaruli reJimi Tavs `respublikas~ uwodebda, mxolod

WeSmariti demokratia SeiZleboda dafuZneboda pluralizmisa da

farTo TvalTaxedvis principebs. TurqeTis sasamarTlo da

sauniversiteto sistemebis struqtura Camoyalibda 1960, 1971 da

1980 wlebSi samxedro gadatrialebis Sedegad. sasamarTlo

precedentebsa da mraval evropul qveyanaSi miRebul praqtikaze

dayrdnobiT

ganmcxadebelma

aRniSna,

rom

xelSemkvrel

saxelmwifoebs ar unda miscemodaT Sefasebis farTo zRvari

studentTa Cacmulobis dasaregulireblad. man axsna, rom arc

erTi evropuli saxelmwifo ar krZalavda universitetSi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebas da daamata, rom umaRles saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebSi ar arsebobda daZabulobis raime niSani, rac

amgvar radikalur zomas gaamarTlebda.

101. ganmcxadebelma Tavis zemoxsenebul werilobiT mimoxilvebSi

axsna, rom studentebi zrdasruli adamianebi arian, romlebic

sargebloben

sruli

uflebaunarianobiT

da

unari

aqvT,

gansazRvron, ra aris maTTvis Seuferebeli saqcieli. Sesabamisad,

imis mtkiceba, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebiT igi pativs ar

scemda sxvaTa rwmenas an cdilobda gavlena moexdina Tavis

Tanakurselebze da maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi xeleyo,

sruliad dausabuTebeli iyo. mas saxelmwifo organos daxmarebiT

romelime Tavisuflebaze garegani SezRudva ar dauwesebia. misi

arCevani ganpirobebuli iyo religiuri rwmeniT, romelic yvelaze

mniSvnelovan ZiriTad uflebas warmoadgenda, rac mas mianiWa

pluralisturma, liberalurma demokratiam. misi azriT, sadavo ar

iyo, rom xalxi SezRudavda Tavis uflebebs, Tu amas saWirod

CaTvlida. usamarTlo iyo aseve imis Tqma, rom islamuri

Tavsaburavis

ubralod

tareba

qalsa

da

mamakacs

Soris

Tanasworobis princips ewinaaRmdegeboda, radgan yvela religia

awesebs Cacmulobis sxavdasxva wesebs, romelTa dacvis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebas xalxi damoukideblad iRebs.

102. amis sapirispirod 2005 wlis 27 ianvris werilobiT

mimoxilvebSi ganmcxadebelma ganacxada, rom SeeZlo eRiarebina,

rom

islamuri

Tavsaburavis

tareba

yovelTvis

religiis

TavisuflebiT ar unda yofiliyo daculi (ix. punqti 73).

(ii) mTavrobis argumentacia

103. mTavroba daeTanxma palatis dadgenilebas (ix. punqti 71).

(b) sasamarTlos Sefaseba

30

(i) zogadi principebi

104. sasamarTlo imeorebs, rom azris, sindisisa da religiis

Tavisufleba,

rogorc

es

me-9

muxlSia

gaTvaliswinebuli,

`demokratiuli sazogadoebis~ erT-erT fundaments warmoadgens

konvenciis

religiuri

mniSvnelobidan

kuTxiT, aris

gamomdinare.

erT-erTi yvelaze

es

Tavisufleba,

mniSvnelovani

elementi, romelic ayalibebs morwmuneTa pirovnulobas da

cxovrebis koncefcias, magram igi aseve uZvirfasesi faseulobaa

aTeistTa, agnostikosTa da skeftikosTaTvis. demokratiuli

sazogadoebisagan ganuyofeli pluralizmi, romelic saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi

Znelad

iqna

mopovebuli,

mas

emyareba.

am

Tavisuflebidan, inter alia, warmoiSoba Tavisufleba, gqondes an ar

gqondes religiuri rwmena, misdevde an ar misdevde religiur

aRmsareblobas (ix., sxva wyaroebTan erTad, Kokkinakis v. Greece, 1993

wlis 25 maisi, seria A #. 260-A, gv. 17, punqti 3; da Buscarini and Others

v. San Marino [GC], #. 24645/94, punqti 34,ECHR 1999-I).

105. garda imisa, rom religiuri Tavisufleba pirvel rigSi

individualuri rwmenis sagania, is aseve moicavs, inter alia,

Tavisuflebas,

gamoxato

Seni

religia,

marto

an

sxvaTa

sazogadoebaSi, sajarod da imave aRmsareblobis mqone pirTa

garemocvaSi. me-9 muxlSi CamoTvlilia sxvadasxva saxis formebi,

romlebic religiis an rwmenis gacxadebam SeiZleba miiRos,

kerZod, aRmsarebloba, swavleba, wesebis dacva da ritualebis

aRsruleba (ix. mutatis mutandis, Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France [GC], #.

27417/95, punqti 73,ECHR 2000-VII).

me-9 muxli ar icavs religiiTa Tu rwmeniT motivirebul da

ganmsWvalul yvela qmedebas (ix., sxva wyaroebTan erTad, Kalaç v.

Turkey, 1997 wlis 1 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, Reports of Judgments and

Decisions, 1997 – IV, gv. 1209, punqti 27; Arrowsmith v. the United Kingdom,

#7050/75, komisiis 1978 wlis 12 oqtombris gadawyvetileba, Decisions

and Reports (DR) 19, gv. 5; C. v. the United Kingdom, #10358/83, 1983 wlis 15

dekembris komisiis gadawyvetileba, DR 37, gv. 142; Tepeli and Others v.

Turkey, #31876/96, 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi).

106. demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleobaSi sxvadasxva

religiebi Tanaarseboben, SesaZloa aucilebeli iyos sakuTari

religiis an rwmenis gamJRavnebaze SezRudvebis daweseba, raTa

moxdes sxvadasxva jgufebis interesTa SeTanxmeba da yvelas

rwmenis pativiscemis uzrunvelyofa (Kokkinakis, ix. zemoT, gv. 18,

punqti 33). konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtidan da 1-li muxlis

safuZvelze saxelmwifos pozitiuri valdebulebidan gamomdinare,

saxelmwifom Tavisi iurisdiqciis farglebSi yvelasaTvis unda

31

uzrunvelyos

am

konvenciaSi

gansazRvruli

uflebebi

da

Tavisuflebebi.

107. sasamarTlo xSirad miuTiTebda saxelmwifos rolze, rogorc

sxvadasxva religiebiT, rwmeniTa da aRmsareblobiT sargeblobis

neitralur da miukerZoebel organizatorze, da adgenda, rom es

roli xels uwyobs demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sajaro wesrigs,

religiur harmoniasa da tolerantobas. is aseve miiCnevs, rom

saxelmwifos neitralurobisa da miukerZoeblobis valdebuleba

ar Seesabameba saxelmwifos mxridan nebismier mcdelobas,

Seafasos religiuri rwmenis Tu im saSualebebis kanoniereba,

romlebiTac xdeba am rwmenis gamoxatva (ix. Manoussakis and Others

v. Greece, 1996 wlis 26 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, Reports 1996-IV, gv.

1365, punqti 47; Hassan and Tchaouch v. Bulgaria [GC], #. 30985/96, punqti 78,

ECHR 2000-XI; Refah Partisi and Others, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba,

punqti 91), da rom is saxelmwifosgan moiTxovs, uzrunvelyos

sapirispiro jgufebs Soris ormxrivi tolerantoba (United

Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey, 1998 wlis 30 ianvris

gadawyvetileba, Reports 1998-I, punqti 57). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo

organoTa roli amgvar SemTxvevebSi is ki ar aris, rom

pluralizmis aRmofxvriT daZabulobis mizezi gaaqron, aramed is,

rom uzrunvelyon dapirispirebuli jgufebis mier erTmaneTis

mimarT tolerantobis gamoxatva (Serif v. Greece, #. 38178/97, punqti 53,

ECHR 1999-IX).

108.

pluralizmi,

tolerantoba

da

farTo

TvalTaxedva

`demokratiuli sazogadoebis~ damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia. Tumca

individualuri interesi jgufis interesebs unda daeqvemdebaros,

magram demokratia ar niSnavs ubralod imas, rom umravlesobis

azrebs yovelTvis upiratesoba unda mieniWos: unda damyardes

wonasworoba,

romelic

uzrunvelyofs

umciresobis

mxridan

samarTlian da Sesabamis mopyrobas da agvacilebs dominanturi

mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebas (ix., mutatis mutandis, Young, James

and Webster v. the United Kingdom, 1981 wlis 13 agvistos gadawyvetileba,

seria A #. 44, gv. 25, punqti 63; da Chassagnou and Others v. France [GC],

#. 25088/94, 28331/95 da 28443/95, punqti 112, ECHR 1999-III). pluralizmi

da demokratia aseve dafuZnebuli unda iyos dialogze da

kompromisis suliskveTebaze, romelsac aucileblad mohyveba

sxvadasxva daTmobebi individTa an individTa jgufis mxridan, rac

gamarTlebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis idealebisa da

Rirebulebebis SenarCunebisa da xelSewyobisaTvis (ix., mutatis

mutandis, the United Communist Party of Turkey and Others, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 45; da Refah Partisi and Others, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 99). roca es `uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi~

konvenciiTa da misi damatebiTi oqmebiT garantirebul uflebebsa

da Tavisuflebebs Soris arian, aRiarebuli unda iqnes, rom maTi

32

dacvis saWiroebiT saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba SezRudon konvenciaSi

amgvaradve gaTvaliswinebuli sxva uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.

swored

wonasworobis

TiToeuli

individis

Zieba

ZiriTad

warmoadgens

uflebebs

Soris

mudmivi

`demokratiuli

sazogadoebis~ safuZvels (Chassagnou and Others, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 113).

109. rodesac ganixileba saxelmwifosa da religiebs Soris

urTierTobis sakiTxi, razec demokratiul sazogadoebaSi azrTa

farTo sxvadasxvaoba SeiZleba iyos, gadawyvetilebis mimReb

erovnul organos gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba unda mieniWos (ix.,

mutatis mutandis, Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek, ix. zemoT, punqti 84;da Wingrove

v. the United Kingdom, 1996 wlis 25 noembris gadawyvetileba, Reports

1996-V, gv. 1958, punqti 58). amis saWiroeba aSkara xdeba, roca saqme

exeba saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri simboloebis

tarebis

samarTlis wyaroebi gviCvenebs, ix. punqtebi 55-56) erovnuli

organoebis mier am sakiTxis mimarT damokidebulebis

regulirebas,

gansakuTrebiT

(rogorc

SedarebiTi

mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT. SeuZlebelia evropis masStabiT

gavrceldes sazogadoebaSi religiis gansakuTrebulobis Sesaxeb

erTgvarovani koncefcia (Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria, 1994 wlis 20

seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seria A # 295-A, gv. 19, punqti 50) da

religiuri aRmsareblobis mniSvneloba an sajaro gamoxatulebis

zemoqmedeba

gansxvavebuli

iqneba

droisa

da

konteqstis

Sesabamisad (ix., sxva wyaroebTan erTad, Dahlab v. Switzerland

#. 42393/98, ECHR 2001-V). amgvarad, wesebi am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi

gansxvavebuli

iqneba

sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi

maTi

erovnuli

tradiciebisa da sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da

sajaro wesrigis SenarCunebis saWiroebiT dawesebuli moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad

(ix.,

mutatis

mutandis,

Wingrove,

zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 57). Sesabamisad, arCevani, Tu ra farglebi

da forma unda miiRos amgvarma regulirebam, raRac kuTxiT

aucileblad unda darCes saxelmwifos, radgan es damokidebuli

iqneba

erovnul

konteqstze

(ix.,

mutatis mutandis, Gorzelik,

gadawyvetileba ix. zemoT, punqti 67; da Murphy v. Ireland, # 44179/98,

punqti 73,ECHR 2003-IX (amonaridi)).

110. es Sefasebis zRvari eqceva evropuli zedamxedvelobis qveS,

romelic dawesebulia erTdroulad kanonsa da am kanonis

safuZvelze miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sasamarTlos amocanaa,

daadginos, iyo Tu ara erovnul doneze miRebuli RonisZiebebi

gamarTlebuli

da

proporciuli

(Manoussakis

and

Others,

gadawyvetileba ix. zemoT, punqti 44). am konkretul saqmeSi

Sefasebis zRvaris farglebis dadgenisas sasamarTlom unda

gaiTvaliswinos, ra aris ganxilvis obieqti, saxeldobr, sxvaTa

uflebebisa

da

Tavisuflebebis

dacva,

sajaro

wesrigis

33

SenarCuneba da samoqalaqo simSvidisa da WeSmariti religiuri

pluralizmis uzrunvelyofa, rac arsebiTia demokratiuli

sazogadoebis gadarCenisaTvis (ix., mutatis mutandis, Kokkinakis,

zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 31; Manoussakis and Others,

zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti

44; da Casado Coca,

zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 55).

111. sasamarTlo aseve aRniSnavs, rom gadawyvetilebebSi Karaduman

v. Turkey (#. 16278/90, komisiis 1993 wlis 3 maisis gadawyveitleba, DR

74, gv. 93) da Dahlab v. Switzerland (# 42393/98, ECHR 2001-V) konvenciis

organoebma

daadgines,

rom

demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi

saxelmwifos ufleba hqonda, daewesebina SezRudvebi islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebaze, Tu es ar Seesabameboda sxvaTa uflebebisa

da Tavisuflebebis, sajaro wesrigisa da sajaro usafrTxoebis

dacvis kanonier mizans. Karaduman-is saqmeSi universitetebSi

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic miznad isaxavda konkretuli

fundamentalisturi religiuri moZraobebisaTvis xelis SeSlas im

studentebze zewolaSi, romlebic religiur ritualebs ar

misdevdnen an romelTac sxva religia hqondaT, dadgenili iqna

gamarTlebul zomad konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtidan

gamomdinare. amgvarad, dadgenilia, rom umaRles saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebs

ufleba

aqvT,

daareguliron

religiuri

ritualebisa da simboloebis gamoxatva maTze adgilisa da

xasiaTis mixedviT SezRudvebis dawesebiT, sxvadasxva rwmenis

studentebs Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofis da

amgvarad sajaro wesrigisa da sxvaTa rwmenis dacvis mizniT (ix.,

sxva wyaroebTan erTad, Refah Partisi and Others, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 95).

patara bavSvebis klasis maswavlebels, sasamarTlom xazi gausva,

sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, `Zlevamosil garegan simbolos~,

Dahlab-is saqmeSi, romelic exeboda

romelsac mis mier Tavsaburavis tareba warmoadgenda da

gamoikvlia, SeiZleboda Tu ara mas raime saxiT prozelitizmis

efeqti hqonoda, xedavda ra rom maTi tareba qalebs evalebodaT

religiuri

rwmenis

safuZvelze,

romelic

rTulad

Tu

SeeTavseboda genderuli Tanasworobis princips. man aseve aRniSna,

rom islamuri Tavsaburavis tareba advilad ar SeeTavseboda

tolerantobis,

Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis ideebs, romlebic

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi yvela maswavlebelma Tavis

moswavleebs unda gadasces.

sxvaTa

pativiscemis

da,

ufro

metad,

(ii) zemoxsenebuli principis gamoyeneba am saqmeSi

112. gansaxilveli Careva, gamowveuli 1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis

cirkulariT, romelic adgilisa da xasiaTis mixedviT SezRudvebs

awesebda

studentTa,

rogoricaa

q-ni

sahini,

uflebaze,

34

universitetis teritoriaze etarebinaT islamuri Tavsaburavi,

Seesabameboda TurqeTis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebs (ix.

punqtebi 37, 39 da 41), gansakuTrebiT ki efuZneboda sekularizmisa

da Tanasworobis principebs.

113. 1989 wlis

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom sekularizmi, rogorc demokratiuli

Rirebulebebis garanti, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis

Sexvedris wertils warmoadgenda. principi xels uSlida

7

martis gadawyvetilebaSi sakonstitucio

saxelmwifos ama Tu im religiisa Tu rwmenisaTvis upiratesoba

mieniWebina, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo miukerZoebeli arbitris

rols

asrulebda

da

garantirebuli

iyo

religiisa

da

aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba. misi wyalobiT individi daculi iyo

ara marto saxelmwifos mxridan ukanono Carevisagan, aramed aseve

eqstremistuli moZraobebis gare zewolisagan. sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom

damatebiT

aRniSna,

rom

sakuTari

religiis

gamJRavnebis Tavisufleba SesaZloa SeizRudos am Rirebulebebisa

da principebis dacvis mizniT (ix. punqti 39).

114. rogorc palatis mier marTebulad iqna aRniSnuli (ix.

palatis gadawyvetilebis punqti 106), sasamarTlo sekularizmis

cnebas konvenciis Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad miiCnevs. is adgens,

rom am principis SenarCuneba, romelic udavod TurqeTis

saxelmwifos

harmoniaSia

erT-erT

kanonis

ZiriTad

uzenaesobasa

princips

warmoadgens

da

da adamianis

uflebebis

pativiscemasTan, SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnes rogorc saWiro

TurqeTis demokratiuli sistemis dasacavad. midgoma, romelic

pativs ar scems am princips, yvela SemTxvevaSi ar moicavs

religiis gamJRavnebis Tavisuflebas da daculi ar aris

konvenciis me-9 muxliT (ix. Refah Partisi and Others, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 93).

115. mxareTa argumentebis ganxilvis Semdeg didi palata ver

xedavs sakmaris safuZvels, gadauxvios palatis midgomas (ix.

palatis gadawyvetilebis 107-109 punqtebi), romelic gulisxmobs:

`... sasamarTlo ... aRniSnavs TurqeTis konstituciur sistemaSi

qalTa uflebebis dacvaze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas ... genderuli

Tanasworoba, rac evropuli sasamarTlos mier konvenciis erT-erT

ZiriTad principad da evropis sabWos wevr saxelmwifoTaTvis

dasaxul miznad aris aRiarebuli (ix., sxva wyareobTan erTad,

Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. United-Kingdom, 1985 wlis 28 maisis

gadawyvetileba, seria A, #77, gv. 38, punqti 78; Schuler-Zgraggen v.

Switzerland, 1993 wlis 24 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, seriaA, # 263,gv. 21–

22, punqti 67; Burgharz v. Switzerland, 1994 wlis 22 Tebervlis

gadawyvetileba, seria A, #280-B, gv. 29, punqti 27; Van Raalte

v. Netherlands, 1997 wlis 21 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, Reports 1997-I,

35

gv. 186, punqti 39; da Petrovic v. Austria, 1998 wlis 27 martis

gadawyvetileba, Reports 1998-II, gv. 587, punqti 37) – TurqeTis

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos

mier

aseve

dadgenili

iqna

konstituciis fuZemdebluri Rirebulebebis aSkarad Tanamdev

principad ...

... amas garda, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msgavsad..., sasamarTlo,

TurqeTis konteqstSi islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis sakiTxis

ganxilvisas, adgens, rom gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes is

zemoqmedeba, rac religiur valdebulebad aRqmuli an aRiarebuli

amgvari simboloebis tarebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTze, vinc

irCevs, es simboloebi ar ataros. rogorc ukve aRiniSna (ix.

Karaduman, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba; da Refah Partisi and Others,

ix. zemoT, punqti 95), gansaxilveli sakiTxi gulisxmobs aseve

`sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis~ dacvasa da `sajaro

wesrigis SenarCunebas~ qveyanaSi, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba,

qalTa uflebebisa da cxovrebis sekularuli stilisadmi Zlieri

mijaWvulobis fonze, uerTdeba islamur rwmenas. Sesabamisad, am

sakiTxSi Tavisuflebaze SezRudvebis daweseba unda ganvixiloT

seriozul socialuri saWiroebad am ori legitimuri miznis

misaRwevad, gansakuTrebiT, rogorc TurqeTis sasamarTloebma

aRniSnes..., maSin, roca am religiurma simbolom bolo wlebSi

politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina.

... sasamarTlos ar aviwydeba is faqti, rom TurqeTSi arseboben

eqstremistuli politikuri moZraobebi, romlebic cdiloben,

sazogadoebas Tavs moaxvion TavianTi religiuri simboloebi da

religiur rwmenaze damyarebuli sazogadoebis koncefcia ...

rogorc sasamarTlom manamde aRniSna, wevr saxelmwifos SeuZlia,

konvenciis debulebebis Sesabamisad, mis istoriul gamocdilebaze

dayrdnobiT, gaataros RonisZiebebi aseTi politikuri moZraobebis

winaaRmdeg (Refah Partisi and Others, ix. zemoT, punqti 124).

gansaxilveli wesebi am konteqstSi unda iqnes ganxiluli,

romelic

misaRwevad

warmoadgens

gansazRvrul

zemoxsenebuli

RonisZiebas

kanonieri

da,

miznebis

Sesabamisad,

universitetSi pluralizmis SenarCunebis saSualebas.~

116. zemoxsenebuli fonis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos Tanaxmad (ix. punqti 39), swored sekularizmis

principia is gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone mosazreba,

romelic

simboloebis

safuZvlad

tarebis

udevs

akrZalvas.

universitetebSi

religiuri

roca

am konteqstSi,

pluralizmis, sxvaTa uflebebis pativiscemis, gansakuTrebiT ki

kanonis winaSe qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis Rirebulebebi

iswavleba da praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba, gasagebia, rom Sesabamis

organoebs surT amgvari dawesebulebis sekularuli xasiaTis

36

SenarCuneba da rom isini religiuri niSnebis, maT Soris islamuri

Tavsaburavis, tarebas amgvar RirebulebebTan Seusabamod Tvlian.

117. sasamarTlom unda gadawyvitos, am saqmeSi Carevisas arsebobda

Tu ara gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da kanonier miznebs Soris

gonivruli proporciuli kavSiri.

118. didma palatam, palatis msgavsad (ix. palatis gadawyvetilebis

punqti

111),

aRniSna,

rom

aRiarebulia,

rom

TurqeTis

universitetebSi ritualebis damcvel musliman studentebs,

saorganizacio-saganmanaTleblo SezRudvebiT dawesebuli zRvaris

farglebSi, Tavisuflad SeuZliaT TavianTi religiis gacxadeba

muslimanebis ritualTa dacvis CveulebiTi formis Sesabamisad.

garda amisa, 1998 wlis 9 ivliss stambulis universitetis mier

miRebuli rezoluciis Tanaxmad, religiuri niSnebis sxva mravali

formaa aseve akrZaluli sauniversiteto bazaze (ix. punqti 47).

119. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom rodesac 1994 wels stambulis

universitetSi samedicino kursTan dakavSirebiT aqtualuri gaxda

sakiTxi, unda daerToT Tu ara studentebisaTvis neba, etarebinaT

islamuri Tavsaburavebi, proreqtorma maT Seaxsena Cacmulobis

regulirebis wesebis miRebis mizezebi. amtkicebda ra, rom

universitetis bazis yvela nawilSi islamuri Tavsaburavebis

tarebis nebarTvis moTxovna aradamajereblad JRerda da miuTiTa

ra samedicino kursis mimarT gamoyenebul sajaro wesrigis

SezRudvebze, man mosTxova studentebs, damorCilebodnen wesebs,

romlebic Seesabameboda rogorc kanonmdeblobas, aseve umaRlesi

sasamarTloebis praqtikas (ix. punqtebi 43-44).

120. garda amisa, im maregulirebeli wesebis danergvis procesi,

romelTac mohyva 1998 wlis 9 ivlisis gadawyvetileba, gagrZelda

ramdenime wels da TurqeTis sazogadoebaSi da maswavleblebSi

mwvave debatebi gamoiwvia (ix. punqti 35). orma umaRlesma

sasamarTlom,

uzenaesma

administraciulma

sasamarTlom

da

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom, am sakiTxze seriozuli praqtika

Seqmna (ix. punqtebi 37, 39 da 41). sakmaod naTelia, rom

universitetis mmarTveli organoebi gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesSi cdilobdnen Seqmnil situaciasTan imgvarad adaptirebas,

rom Cadrian studentebs xeli ar SeSlodaT universitetSi

SesvlaSi, awarmoebdnen maTTan konstruqciul dialogs da,

amavdroulad, uzrunvelyofdnen, rom brZaneba, gansakuTrebiT ki

gansaxilveli

kursis

xasiaTidan

gamomdinare

dawesebuli

moTxovnebi daculi yofiliyo.

121. amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo ar iRebs ganmcxadeblis

arguments, rom is faqti, rom Cacmulobis wesebis darRvevisaTvis

disciplinuri sasjeli dawesebuli ar iyo, wesebis ararsebobas

37

niSnavda (ix. punqti 81). sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi ar Sedis im

sakiTxze Tavisi azris dafiqsireba, Tu rogor unda

uzrunveleyoT universitetis organoebs Sida wesebis dacva.

universitetis organoebs, saganmanaTleblo sazogadoebasTan

pirdapiri da mudmivi kontaqtis gamo, adgilobrivi saWiroebebisa

da pirobebis an konkretuli kursis moTxovnebis Sefaseba ukeT

SeuZlia, vidre saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos (ix., mutatis mutandis,

Valsamis v. Greece, 1996 wlis 18 dekembris gadawyvetileba, Reports 1996-

VI, gv. 2325, punqti 32). imis dadgenisas, rom maregulirebeli wesebi

emsaxureboda kanonier mizans, sasamarTlos prerogativaSi ar

Sedis proporciulobis principis imgvarad gamoyeneba, rom

dawesebulebis `Sida wesebis~ cneba mizans moklebuli gaxdes. me-9

muxliT yovelTvis garantirebuli ar aris ufleba imgvarad

moqcevisa, rogorc amas religiuri rwmena awesebs (Pichon and Sajous

v. France (dec.), #. 49853/99, ECHR 2001-X) da igi uflebas ar aniWebs

adamianebs, ugulebelyon kanonierad dadgenili wesebi (ix.

komisiis mosazreba, punqti 51, mis 1995 wlis 6 ivlisis moxsenebaSi,

romelic

Tan

erTvis

Valsamis-is

saqmeze

zemoxsenebul

gadawyvetilebas).

122. zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare da am sakiTxSi xelSemkvreli

saxelmwifos Sefasebis zRvris gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlo

adgens, rom Careva gamarTlebuli da im miznis proporciuli iyo,

romelsac emsaxureboda.

123. amgvarad, adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevas.

II. pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis savaraudo darRveva

A. saWiroa Tu ara am sarCelis gancalkevebulad ganxilva

1. mxareTa argumentebi

124. sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom Tumca ganmcxadebeli palatis

winaSe konvenciis sxvadasxva debulebebs (me-8, me-10 da me-14

muxlebi, agreTve pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxli) moixmobs,

misi upirvelesi argumenti Seexeba konvenciis me-9 muxlis sadavo

darRvevas. didi palatisaTvis saqmis gadacemis moTxovnisas

ganmcxadebelma did palatas sTxova, daedgina konvenciis me-8, me-9

me-10 da me-14 muxlebisa da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis

darRveva.

mas

me-10

muxlTan

dakavSirebiT

samarTlebrivi

moTxovnebi ar dauyenebia.

125. Tumca 2005 wlis 27 ianvris werilobiT komentarebSi

ganmcxadebeli

Tavis

saqmes,

1998

wlis

23

Tebervlis

38

maregulirebel wesebTan dakavSirebiT, sxva kuTxiT warmoadgens,

gansxvavebiT imisgan, Tu rogor iyo igi warmodgenili palatis

winaSe. Tavis moTxovnebSi igi `Tavis ZiriTad argumentad pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis darRvevas warmoadgens da did

palatas sTxovs gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad miRebas~. sxva

sakiTxebTan

`daadginos, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis gamo misi

universitetSi dauSvebloba winamdebare saqmeSi utoldeba

erTad

ganmcxadebeli

sTxovs

sasamarTlos,

pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxliT garantirebuli ganaTlebis

uflebis darRvevas, konvenciis me-8, me-9 da me-10 muxlebTan

mimarTebaSi.~

126. mTavrobam ganacxada, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebis darRvevas.

2. palatis gadawyvetileba

127. palatam daadgina, rom ganmcxadeblis mier moxmobili

konvenciis me-8, me-10 da me-14 muxlebisa da pirveli damatebiTi

oqmis me-2 muxlis debulebebis Tanaxmad, calke gansaxilveli

sakiTxi ar warmoiSoboda, radgan garemoebebi igive iyo,

romlebzec palatam ukve imsjela me-9 muxlTan mimarTebaSi da

daadgina, rom adgili ar hqonia darRvevas.

3. sasamarTlos Sefaseba

128. sasamarTlo askvnis, rom misi precedentuli praqtikis

Tanaxmad, didi palatisaTvis gadacemuli `saqme~ moicavs manamde

palatis mier ganxiluli ganacxadis yvela aspeqts, radgan ar

arsebobs didi palatisaTvis saqmis mxolod nawilobriv gadacemis

safuZveli (ix., rogorc yvelaze axali wyaro, Cumpǎnǎ and Mazǎre

v. Romania [GC], #. 33348/96, punqti 66, ECHR 2004-...; da K. and T. v. Finland

[GC], # 25702/94, punqtebi 140-141, ECHR 2001-VII). didi palatisaTvis

gadacemuli `saqme~ ganacxadia, radgan is ukve daSvebulia

arsebiTad gansaxilvelad.

129.

saqmis

konkretuli

garemoebebis,

da

ganaTlebis

mxareTa

uflebis

poziciebis

gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobisa

gaTvaliswinebiT sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom pirveli damatebiTi

oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebis Tanaxmad Setanili saCivari

konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad gakeTebuli saCivrisagan calke

unda iqnes ganxiluli, im faqtis miuxedavad, rogorc es moxda me-9

muxlTan mimarTebaSi, rom saCivris arsi Seexeboda 1998 wlis 23

Tebervlis maregulirebeli wesebis kritikas.

130. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo am saCivars calke ganixilavs (ix.,

mutatis mutandis, Göç v. Turkey [GC], #. 36590/97, punqti 46,ECHR 2002-V).

39

B. gamoyeneba

131. ganmcxadebeli Civis, rom mis mimarT dairRva pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba, romelic

gulisxmobs:

`aravis SeiZleba eTqvas uari ganaTlebis uflebaze~.

1. pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebis

farglebi

(a) mxareTa mimarTvebi didi palatisadmi

132. ganmcxadebelma aRniSna, rom eWvgareSe iyo, rom pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebiT garantirebuli

ganaTlebis

ufleba

gamoiyeneboda

umaRles

ganaTlebasTan

mimarTebiTac, radgan es debuleba im droisaTvis arsebul yvela

dawesebulebaSi gamoiyeneboda.

133. mTavrobas am sakiTxze komentari ar gaukeTebia.

(b) sasamarTlos Sefaseba

134. pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba

gulisxmobs, rom aravis SeiZleba eTqvas uari ganaTlebis

uflebaze. marTalia, debulebaSi umaRlesi ganaTleba naxsenebi ar

aris, magram araferi iZleva imis safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom igi

ar gamoiyeneba ganaTlebis yvela etapze, umaRlesi ganaTlebis

CaTvliT.

135. rac Seexeba ganaTlebis uflebis farglebs da am uflebiT

dawesebul valdebulebas, sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom saqmeSi

“Belgium linguistic” (1968 wlis 23 ivlisis gadawyvetileba arsebiTad

ganxilvisas, seria A, #6, gv. 31, punqti 3) man ganacxada: `negatiuri

formulireba

miuTiTebs,

rogorc

amas

`CarCo-dokumentic~

amtkicebs..., rom xelSemkvrelma mxareebma ar cnes ganaTlebis

iseTi ufleba, rac maTgan iTxovda TavianTi saxsrebiT an

SenatanebiT raime tipis an raime safexurze ganaTlebis daarsebas.

Tumca aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifos ara aqvs

pozitiuri valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos oqmis me-2 muxliT daculi

uflebis pativiscema. radgan arsebobs `ufleba~, igi, konvenciis

pirveli

muxlis

Tanaxmad,

uzrunvelyofilia

yvelasaTvis

xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis farglebSi.~

136. sasamarTlos mxedvelobidan ar rCeba faqti, rom ganaTlebis

uflebis (romlis Sinaarsi gansxvavdeba droisa da adgilis

40

Sesabamisad) gafarToeba ekonomikuri da socialuri garemos

mixedviT ZiriTadad damokidebulia sazogadoebis saWiroebebsa da

resursebze.

Tumca

gadamwyveti

mniSvnelobisaa

faqti,

rom

konvencia interpretirebuli da gamoyenebulia imgvarad, rac masSi

gaTvaliswinebul uflebebs praqtikulsa da qmediTs da ara

Teoriulsa da iluzoruls xdis. ufro metic, konvencia cocxali

instrumentia, romelic ganmartebuli unda iqnes dRevandeli

pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT (Marckx v. Belgium, 1979 wlis 13 ivnisis

gadawyvetileba, seria A, # 31, gv. 19, punqti 41; Airey v. Ireland, 1979

wlis 9 oqtombris gadawyvetileba, seriaA, #32, gv. 14-15, punqti 26;

da bolodroindeli wyaro Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey [GC], #

46827/99 da 46951/99, punqti 121, 2005 wlis

4

Tebervlis

gadawyvetileba). roca me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba ZiriTadad

dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobas awesebs, ar

arsebobs

safuZveli

umaRlesi

ganaTleba

ganaTlebis

sxva

formebisagan gamovyoT. bolo dros miRebul instrumentebSi

evropis sabWom xazi gausva umaRlesi ganaTlebis gansakuTrebul

rolsa da mniSvnelobas adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi

Tavisuflebebis xelSewyobisa da demokratiis gaZlierebis saqmeSi

(ix., inter alia, rekomendacia # R (98) 3 da rekomendacia #. 1353 (1998) –

punqtebi 68 da 69). evropis regionSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis

kvalifikaciis cnobis Sesaxeb konvenciis Tanaxmad (ix. punqti 67),

umaRlesi ganaTleba `arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa codnis miRebisa da

dauflebis

sakiTxSi~

da

`warmoadgens

individisa

da

sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebulad mdidar kulturul da

samecniero SenaZens~.

137. amgvarad, rTulia imis warmodgena, rom am droisaTvis

arsebuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi pirveli

oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebis farglebSi ar xvdebian.

marTalia,

avaldebulebs,

es

muxli

daaarson

xelSemkvrel

umaRlesi

saxelmwifoebs

ar

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi, magram saxelmwifo, romelic amas gaakeTebs,

valdebuli iqneba, uzrunvelyos am dawesebulebebze

xelmisawvdomobis qmediTi ufleba. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

ganaTlebis ufleba, romelic adamianis sxva uflebebisagan

ganuyofelia, imdenad fundamenturia, rom pirveli oqmis me-2

muxlis pirveli winadadeba viwro interpretaciiT am debulebebis

arsisa Tu miznis Seusabamo iqneboda (ix., mutatis mutandis, saqme

“Belgian Linguistic”, zemoT, punqti 9; da Delcourt v. Belgium, 1970 wlis 17

ianvari, seria A #11, gv.14, punqti 25).

138. es midgoma SesabamisobaSia komisiis moxsenebasTan saqmeze

“Belgian Linguistic” (zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, gv. 22), romelSic

1965 wels man daadgina, rom Tumca pirveli oqmis me-2 muxliT

daculi

uflebis

farglebi

konvenciaSi

gansazRvruli

an

miTiTebuli ar iyo, igi moicavda, `winamdebare saqmis ganxilvis

41

miznebidan gamomdinare~, `baga-baRSi, dawyebiT, saSualo da

umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi swavlas~.

139. komisiam SemdgomSi rig gadawyvetilebebSi daadgina: `me-2

muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli ganaTlebis ufleba ZiriTadad exeba

dawyebiT ganaTlebas da ara aucileblad maRali rangis kursebs,

rogoricaa teqnologia~ (X. v. the United Kingdom, # 5962/72, komisiis

1975 wlis 13 martis gadawyvetileba, DR 2, gv. 50; daKramelius v. Sweden,

#. 21062/92, komisiis 1996 wlis 17 ianvris gadawyvetileba). ufro

axal saqmeebSi, gza gauxsna ra pirveli oqmis me-2 muxlis

gamoyenebas

mimarTebaSi,

dawesebulebaTa

umaRles

komisiam

saganmanaTleblo

ganixila umaRles

dawesebulebebTan

saganmanaTleblo

xelmisawvdomobaze

dawesebuli

konkretuli

SezRudvebis kanoniereba (umaRlesi ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobaze

dawesebul SezRudvebTan mimarTebaSi ix. X. v. the United Kingdom, #

8844/80, komisiis 1980 wlis 9 dekembris gadawyvetileba,DR 23, gv.228;

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebidan

gaZevebasa

da

swavlis

SeCerebasTan dakavSirebiT - Yanasik v. Turkey, #14524/89, komisiis 1993

wlis 6 ianvris gadawyvetileba, DR 74, gv. 14; da Sulak v. Turkey,

#24515/94, komisiis 1996 wlis 17 ianvris gadawyvetileba, DR 84, gv.

98).

140. rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, saqmis “Belgian Linguistic” Semdeg man

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqmeebi dauSveblad gamoacxada ara

maT mimarT pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli

winadadebis gamouyeneblobis gamo, aramed sxva safuZvlebze

dayrdnobiT (invalidis ganacxadi, romelic ar akmayofilebda

universitetSi Caricxvis moTxovnebs, Lukach v. Russia (dec.), #48041/99,

1999 wlis 16 noemberi; patimari ganmcxadeblisaTvis iuristis

diplomis mosapoveblad universitetis gamosaSvebi gamocdisaTvis

momzadebasa da masze daswrebis nebarTvaze uari, Georgiou v. Greece

(dec.), # 45138/98, 2000 wlis 13 ianvari; kanonieri braldebiTa da

sasjeliT umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaSi Careva, Durmaz and Others v.

Turkey (dec.), #46506/99, 200 wlis 4 seqtemberi).

141. zemoxsenebuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom am

droisaTvis arsebuli umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi

xvdebian

pirveli

damatebiTi

oqmis

me-2

muxlis

pirveli

winadadebis

farglebSi,

radgan

aseT

dawesebulebebze

xelmisawvdomoba am debulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis

ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. es ar aris farTo interpretacia

da xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs axal valdebulebebs ar uwesebs,

igi damyarebulia swored pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis

pirvel winadadebaze, misive konteqstSi, konvenciis, rogorc

kanonSemoqmedebiTi

xelSekrulebis,

obieqtisa

da

miznis

mxedvelobaSi miRebiT (ix., mutatis mutandis, Golder v. the United Kingdom,

42

1975 wlis 21 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, seria A # 18, gv. 18, punqti

36).

142. amgvarad, winamdebare saqmeSi gamoiyeneba pirveli damatebiTi

oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba. misi gamoyenebis xasiaTi ki

aSkarad

damokidebulia

ganaTlebis

uflebis

specifikur

maxasiaTeblebze.

C. arsebiTi ganxilva

1. mxareTa mimarTvebi didi palatisadmi

(a) ganmcxadeblis argumentebi

143. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, sajaro moxeleebis mier islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebaze dawesebuli SezRudva warmoadgenda mis

ganaTlebis uflebaSi Carevas, ris gamoc 1998 wlis 12 marts mas

uari eTqva, daswreboda gamocdas onkologiaSi, 1998 wlis 20 marts

ver Cairicxa universitetis administraciul departamentze da 1998

wlis 16 aprils uari eTqva, daswreboda leqcias nevrologiaSi da

1998 wlis 10 ivniss weriT gamocdas sazogadoebriv jandacvaSi.

144. ganmcxadebeli aRiarebda, rom, misi xasiaTidan gamomdinare,

ganaTlebis ufleba unda daregulirebuliyo saxelmwifos mier.

misi azriT, regulirebis dros gamoyenebuli kriteriumebi unda

yofiliyo igive, rac gamoiyeneboda me-8 – me-11 muxlebis Tanaxmad

nebadarTuli Carevisas. amasTan dakavSirebiT ganmcxadebelma

miuTiTa TurqeTis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi iseTi normis

ararsebobaze, romelic xels SeuSlida umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miRebas, da aRniSna, rom proreqtoris ofiss moqmedi kanonebis

Tanaxmad

ar

hqonda

imis

ufleba

da

kompetencia,

rom

Tavsaburaviani studentebisaTvis xeli SeeSala universitetis

xelmisawvdomobaSi.

145. ganmcxadebelma aRniSna, rom, Tavsaburavis tarebis miuxedavad,

igi Cairicxa universitetSi da yovelgvari incidentis gareSe

swavlobda 4 wlisa da 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. Sesabamisad, igi

amtkicebda, rom universitetSi Cabarebisas da Semdgom iq

swavlisas ar arsebobda erovnuli sakanonmdeblo wyaro, romelic

saSualebas miscemda ganeWvrita, rom ramdenime wlis Semdeg mas

aukrZalavdnen saleqcio auditoriebSi Sesvlas.

146. imis gameorebisas, rom mis mimarT gatarebuli zomebi

araproporciuli

ganmcxadebelma

iyo

aRiara,

miznisa,

rom

romelsac

kanonieri

emsaxureboda,

iyo umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo organizaciebis mxridan imis mcdeloba, rom

ganaTleba mSvid da usafrTxo garemoSi uzrunveleyoT. Tumca,

43

rogorc mis mimarT disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis ararsebobam

gviCvena, ganmcxadeblis mier islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebas xeli

ar SeuSlia sajaro wesrigisaTvis da arc sxva studentTa

uflebebi

da

Tavisuflebebi

daurRvevia.

garda

amisa,

ganmcxadeblis TqmiT, Sesabamisi universitetis organoebs sajaro

wesrigis SenarCunebis uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisi saSualeba

gaaCndaT, rogoricaa disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis wamowyeba

an sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvra im studentis winaaRmdeg,

romlis qcevac sisxlis samarTlis kodeqss ewinaaRmdegeboda.

147. ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom mis mier ganaTlebis miRebis

ganpirobeba imiT, rom mas aRar unda etarebina Tavsaburavi da

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi daSvebaze uaris Tqma, Tu igi ar

daemorCileboda am pirobebs, sabolood da usamarTlod arRvevda

misi ganaTlebis uflebis arss da mas araefeqturs xdida. es

aisaxeboda faqtSi, rom ganmcxadebeli iyo zrdasruli adamiani,

pirovneba srulad Camoyalibebuli socialuri da moraluri

RirebulebebiT, romelsac yvela SesaZlebloba CamoerTva, swavla

TurqeTSi gaegrZelebina misi rwmenis Sesabamisad.

148. am mizezTa gamo ganmcxadebeli irwmuneba, rom mopasuxe

saxelmwifom daarRvia misi Sefasebis zRvris farglebi, ramdenad

farToc ar unda yofiliyo isini, daarRvia, agreTve, misi

ganaTlebis ufleba konvenciis me-8, me-9 da me-10 muxlebTan

mimarTebaSi.

(b) mTavrobis argumentebi

149. sasamarTlos praqtikaze dayrdnobiT mTavroba aRniSnavs, rom

xelSemkvrel saxelmwifos Sefasebis zRvari hqonda miniWebuli

imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor daeregulirebina ganaTleba.

150. man aseve aRniSna, rom ganmcxadebeli stambulis universitetis

Cerrahpaşa-s samedicino fakultetze Cairicxa bursas universitetis

samedicino fakultetze xuTwliani kursis gavlis Semdeg, sadac

igi Tavsaburavs atarebda. stambulis universitetis proreqtorma

gamosca cirkulari, romliTac fakultetze Tavsaburavis tareba

ikrZaleboda.

sasamarTlosa

akrZalvas

da uzenaesi

safuZvlad

daedo

sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos

administraciuli

gadawyvetilebebi. rogorc ganacxadSi da didi palatisadmi saqmis

gadacemis moTxovnaSi iqna miTiTebuli, ganmcxadebels aranairi

dabrkoleba ar Seqmnia Cerrahpaşa-s samedicino fakultetze

Cabarebisas, rac amtkicebs, rom igi sargeblobda saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebaSi swavlis uflebaSi Tanaswori mopyrobiT. rac

Seexeba 1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis cirkularis ganxorcielebiT

gamowveul Carevas, mTavroba Semoifargla imis TqmiT, rom es

sakiTxi sasamarTloebis gansjis sagani iyo.

44

151.

mTavrobam

imiT

ZalaSi

wesebi

daasrula,

datoveba,

rom

moiTxova

palatis

ra,

gadawyvetilebis

maregulirebeli

praqtikas,

amtkicebda

rom

sasamarTlos

miniWebuli

ar

ewinaaRmdegeboda

xelSemkvreli

saxelmwifoebisaTvis

Sefasebis zRvris mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.

2. sasamarTlos Sefaseba

(a) zogadi principebi

152. ganaTlebis ufleba, rogorc es dadgenilia pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebiT, yvelasaTvis

uzrunvelyofs

farglebSi

xelSemkvreli

droisaTvis

saxelmwifos

arsebuli

iurisdiqciis

saganmanaTleblo

`am

dawesebulebebis

xelmisawvdomoba

xelmisawvdomobis

uflebas~,

magram

aseTi

nawils

ganaTlebis

uflebis

mxolod

warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom es ufleba `efeqturi iyos, saWiroa,

inter alia, rom individs, romelic am uflebiT sargeblobs,

SesaZlebloba hqondes, miRebuli ganaTlebidan miiRos sargebeli,

anu moipovos, saxelmwifoSi moqmedi wesebis Sesabamisad da raRac

formiT mis mier dasrulebuli swavlis oficialuri aRiarebis

ufleba~ (Belgian Linguistic case, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, gv. 30-

32, punqtebi 3-5; ix., aseve Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark, 1976

wlis 7 dekemberi, seria A # 23, gv. 25-26, punqti 52). amgvaradve,

fraza `aravin unda ...~ warmoadgens yvela moqalaqis mimarT

Tanaswori mopyrobis princips ganaTlebis uflebis gamoyenebisas.

153. yvela adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba ganaTlebaze aris ufleba,

romelic Tanabrad garantirebulia saxelmwifoSi moswavleebisa

da damoukidebeli skolebisaTvis, yovelgvari gansxvavebis gareSe

(Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom, 1993

gadawyvetileba, seria A #247-C, gv.58, punqti 27).

wlis

25

martis

154. misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, es ufleba absoluturi ar aris

da SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros SezRudvebs; es qveteqstiTaa

nebadarTuli, radgan xelmisawvdomobis ufleba `Tavisi xasiaTiT

saWiroebs saxelmwifos mxridan regulirebas~ (Belgian Linguistic case,

zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 5; ix., aseve, mutatis mutandis,

Golder, ix. zemoT, gv. 18-19, punqti 38; da Fayed v. the United Kingdom, 1994

wlis 21 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, seria A #294-B, gv.49-50,

punqti 65). sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebis regulireba SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes adgilisa da

drois mixedviT, inter alia, sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebisa da

resursebis da ganaTlebis sxvadasxva etapebis gansxvavebuli

Taviseburebebis

Sesabamisad.

amgvarad,

xelSemkvreli

45

saxelmwifoebi am sferoSi sargebloben Sefasebis garkveuli

zRvriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis moTxovnebis dacvasTan

dakavSirebiT

saboloo

gadawyvetilebas

iqnes,

iRebs

rom

sasamarTlo.

dawesebulma

imisaTvis,

rom uzrunvelyofili

SezRudvebma sadavo ufleba imdenad ar SezRudon, rom misi arsi

Seilaxos da uflebam efeqturoba dakargos, sasamarTlo unda

darwmundes, rom isini ganWvretadia da emsaxureba kanonier mizans.

Tumca, konvenciis me-8 – me-10 muxlebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar

Semoifargleba `kanonieri miznebis~ amomwuravi siiT pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad (ix., mutatis mutandis, Podkolzina

v. Latvia, # 46726/99, punqti 36, ECHR 2002-II). ufro metic, SezRudva

Sesabamisi iqneba pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlisa, Tu

gamoyenebul saSualebasa da misaRwev mizans Soris arsebobs

proporciulobis gonivruli damokidebuleba.

155. es SezRudvebi winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda modiodes konvenciasa

da mis oqmebSi gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebebTan (Belgian Linguistic

case, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 5; Campbell and Cosans v. the

United Kingdom, 1982 wlis 25 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba, seriaA #48,

gv. 19, punqti 41; da Yanasik, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba).

konvenciisa da misi oqmebis debulebebi unda gavigoT, rogorc

erTianoba. Sesabamisad, me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadeba wakiTxuli

unda iqnes, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, konvenciis me-8, me-9 da me-10

muxlebis fonze (Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen and Pedersen, zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba, punqti 52).

156. ganaTlebis ufleba principSi ar gamoricxavs disciplinuri

RonisZiebebisadmi mimarTvas, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi

swavlis SeCerebis Tu garicxvis CaTvliT, misi Sida wesebisadmi

damorCilebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. disciplinuri sasjelis

dakisreba im procesis Semadgeneli nawilia, romliTac skola

cdilobs Tavisi miznis _ ratomac moxda misi daarseba _ miRweva,

moswavleTa

xasiaTisa

da

gonebrivi

SesaZleblobebis

ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis CaTvliT (ix., sxva wyaroebTan

erTad, Campbell and Cosans, zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, punqti 33;

kadetis samxedro akademiidan garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT ix.

zemoxsenebuli

gadawyvetileba

Yanasik-is

saqmeze,

xolo

TaRliTobis gamo studentis garicxvasTan dakavSirebiT

_

zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetileba Sulak-is saqmeze).

(b) am principebis gamoyeneba winamdebare saqmeSi

157. me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, arsebuli Carevis Sesaxeb (ix. punqti 78)

msjelobis analogiiT, sasamarTlos SeuZlia aRiaros, rom

maregulirebeli wesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec ganmcxadebels

uari eTqva, daswreboda sxvadasxva leqciebsa da gamocdebs

46

islamuri

Tavsaburavis

tarebis

gamo,

warmoadgenda

misi

ganaTlebis uflebis SezRudvas, im faqtis miuxedavad, rom mas

xeli miuwvdeboda universitetze da SeeZlo sagani aerCia misaReb

gamocdebze miRweuli Sedegebis Sesabamisad. Tumca saqmis analizi,

ganaTlebis uflebaze miTiTebiT, am SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba

ganvacalkeoT sasamarTlos mier me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebiT

miRebuli daskvnisagan (ix. punqti 122), radgan am debulebis

Tanaxmad mxedvelobaSi miRebuli analizi aSkarad gamoiyeneba

pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisad gakeTebul

saCivarTan

mimarTebaSi,

romelic

moicavs

gansaxilveli

maregulirebeli normebis kritikas da es kritika iRebs imave

formas, rogorsac me-9 muxlis misamarTiT gakeTebuli kritika.

158. amasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ukve daadgina, rom

SezRudvebi ganWvretadi iyo da emsaxureboda sxvaTa uflebebisa

da Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da sajaro wesrigis SenarCunebis

kanonier mizans (ix. punqtebi 98 da 99). SezRudvis aSkara mizani

iyo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa sekularuli xasiaTis

SenarCuneba.

159. rac Seexeba proporciulobis princips, sasamarTlom zemoT,

118-e – 121-e punqtebSi daadgina, rom proporciulobis gonivruli

urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobda gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da

im mizans Soris, romelsac am saSualebis gamoyeneba emsaxureba.

amis

faqtorebs: pirvel rigSi, gansaxilveli RonisZiebebi aSkarad ar

uSlida studentebs xels religiuri ritualebis dacvis

dadgenisas

sasamarTlo

daeyrdno

ZiriTadad

Semdeg

CveulebiTi formiT dawesebuli valdebulebebis aRsrulebaSi.

meores mxriv, maregulirebeli normebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi akmayofilebda, ramdenadac es

SesaZlebeli iyo, warmodgenil sxvadasxva interesTa gadawonis

valdebulebas.

eZebdnen saSualebebs,

universitetis

organoebi

keTilgonivrulad

Tavidan

romlebiTac

SeZlebdnen

aecilebinaT studentebisaTvis Tavsaburavis tarebis akrZalva da

amave dros pativi ecaT maTi valdebulebisaTvis, daecvaT sxvaTa

uflebebi da saganmanaTleblo sistemis interesebi. da bolos, am

process Tan sdevda dacvis garantiebi - wesi, romelic iTxovda

statutTan Sesabamisobas da sasamarTlo gadasinjvas – romlebic

emsaxurebodnen studentTa interesebis dacvas (ix. punqti 95).

160. ararealuria imis warmodgena, rom ganmcxadebeli, medicinis

studenti,

ar

icnobda

stambulis

universitetis

Sida

maregulirebel wesebs, romelTa Tanaxmad religiuri Cacmuloba

konkretul adgilebSi izRudeboda, an sakmarisad ar iyo

informirebuli am normebis dawesebis mizezebis Sesaxeb. mas

gonivrulad SeeZlo imis winaswar ganWvreta, rom idga riskis

winaSe, ar daeSvaT leqciebsa da gamocdebze, rogorc es

47

SemdgomSi moxda, Tu gaagrZelebda islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebas

1998 wlis 23 Tebervlis Semdeg.

161.

amgvarad,

gansaxilvel

ganaTlebis

SezRudvas

uflebis arsi.

ar

daurRvevia

amas garda,

ganmcxadeblis

ganmcxadeblis mier moxmobil sxva muxlebTan dakavSirebiT

gakeTebul daskvnebze miTiTebiT (ix. punqtebi 122 da 166),

sasamarTlo

adgens,

rom

SezRudva

ar

ewinaaRmdegeboda

konvenciasa da mis damatebiT oqmebSi gaTvaliswinebul sxva

uflebebs.

162. amgvarad, pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli

winadadebis darRvevas adgili ar hqonia.

III. konvenciis me-8, me-10 da me-14 muxlebis savaraudo darRveva

163. ganmcxadebelma konvenciis me-8, me-10 da me-14 muxlebis

darRvevis sakiTxi, palatis msgavsad, didi palatis winaSec

daayena, amtkicebda ra, rom sadavo maregulirebelma wesebma

Seulaxa piradi cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba, gamoxatvis

Tavisufleba da rom es wesebi diskirminaciuli xasiaTis iyo.

164. magram sasamarTlom konvenciis me-8 an me-10 muxlebis darRveva

ar

konvenciis me-9 muxlisa da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis

mixedviT warmodgenili im saCivrebis ubralod xelaxali

daadgina.

ganmcxadeblis

mier

wamoweuli

argumentebi

formulireba iyo, romelTa mimarTac sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

adgili ar hqonia darRvevas.

165. rac Seexeba me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad Setanil saCivars, aRebuls

damoukideblad an konvenciis me-9 muxlTan an pirveli damatebiTi

oqmis

me-2

muxlis

pirvel

winadadebasTan

erTobliobaSi,

sasamarTlo aRniSnavs, rom ganmcxadebelma Tavis mimoxilvaSi

didi palatis winaSe detalebi ar warmoadgina. garda amisa,

rogorc ukve aRiniSna (ix. punqtebi 99 da 158), islamuri

Tavsaburavis tarebis maregulirebeli wesebi ganmcxadeblis

religiuri mikuTvnebulobis winaaRmdeg ki ar iyo mimarTuli,

aramed emsaxureboda, sxva miznebTan erTad, wesrigisa da sxvaTa

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis kanonier mizans da aSkarad

gansazRvruli iyo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa sekularuli

xasiaTis SesanarCuneblad. amgvarad, is mizezebi, romelTa

safuZvelzec sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom adgili ar hqonia

konvenciis me-9 muxlis an pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis

darRvevas,

udavod

gamoiyeneba

me-14

muxlis

safuZvelze

warmodgenil

saCivarTan,

aRebulTan

damoukideblad

Tu

zemoxsenebul debulebebTan erTobliobaSi, mimarTebaSi.

48

166. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo adgens, rom adgili ar hqonia

konvenciis me-8, me-10 da me-14 muxlebis darRvevas.

zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo:

1. adgens, Teqvsmeti xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg, rom adgili ar hqonia

konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevas;

2. adgens, Teqvsmeti xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg, rom adgili ar hqonia

konvenciis pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli

winadadebis darRvevas;

3. adgens, erTxmad, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-8 muxlis

darRvevas;

4. adgens, erTxmad, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-10 muxlis

darRvevas;

5. adgens, erTxmad, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis me-14 muxlis

darRvevas;

Sesrulebulia inglisur da frangul enebze da gamocxadebulia

sajaro mosmenaze strasburgSi, adamianis uflebaTa SenobaSi, 2005

wlis 10 noembers.

lucius vildhaberi

prezidenti

t.l. erli

registratoris moadgile

konvenciis 45-e muxlis me-2 punqtisa da sasamarTlos reglamentis

74-e wesis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad, gadawyvetilebas Tan erTvis

Semdegi gancalkevebuli azrebi:

(a) b-ni rozakisisa da q-ni vajiCis erToblivi Tanmxvedri azri;

(b) q-ni tulkensis gansxvavebuli azri.

49

mosamarTleebis rozakisisa da vajiCis erToblivi Tanmxvedri

azri

Cven veTanxmebiT umravlesobas, rom am konkretul saqmeSi adgili

ar hqonia konvenciis me-9 muxlis darRvevas. Cven aseve mxari

davuWireT saboloo azrs, rom adgili ar hqonia konvenciis

pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis pirveli winadadebis

darRvevas, ZiriTadad imitom, rom gadawyvetilebis teqsti

imgvaradaa formulirebuli, rom rTulia am ori dadgenilebis

erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa. rogorc gadawyvetilebaSia aRniSnuli,

`... saqmis analizi, ganaTlebis uflebaze miTiTebiT, am SemTxvevaSi

ar SeiZleba ganvacalkeoT sasamarTlos mier me-9 muxlTan

dakavSirebiT miRebuli daskvnisagan ..., radgan am debulebis

Tanaxmad mxedvelobaSi miRebuli analizi aSkarad gamoiyeneba

pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis Sesabamisad gakeTebul

saCivarTan

mimarTebaSi,

romelic

moicavs

gansaxilveli

maregulirebeli normebis kritikas da es kritika iRebs imave

formas, rogorsac me-9 muxlis misamarTiT gakeTebuli kritika~

(punqti 157).

Tumca sinamdvileSi Cven im azrisa varT, rom saqme unda

ganxiluliyo mxolod me-9 muxlTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc es

gakeTda palatis gadawyvetilebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, sasamarTlos

winaSe dayenebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxi iyo saxelmwifos mxridan

Careva

ganmcxadeblis

uflebaSi,

universitetSi

etarebina

Tavsaburavi da amiT sajarod gaemJRavnebina Tavisi religiuri

rwmena. amgvarad, ZiriTadi sakiTxi winamdebare saqmeSi swored

misi religiuri Tavisuflebis dacva iyo, rasac gulisxmobs

konvenciis me-9 muxli. me-9 muxli, am garemoebebSi, aSkarad aris lex

specialis, romelic faravs saqmis faqtebs, da ganmcxadeblis mier

pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis safuZvelze gakeTebuli

damatebiTi saCivari imave faqtebTan dakavSirebiT Tumca aSkarad

dasaSvebia, magram konvenciis Tanaxmad ar warmoSobs calke

sakiTxs.

50

mosamarTle tulkensis gansxvavebuli azri

sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo me ar daveTanxme umravlesobis azrs

konvenciis me-9 muxlTan da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlTan

dakavSirebiT, romelic exeba ganaTlebis uflebas. Tumca srulad

veTanxmebi sasamarTlos dadgenilebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

am ukanaskneli debulebis farglebi moicavs umaRles da

sauniversiteto ganaTlebas.

A. religiis Tavisufleba

1. rac Seexeba gadawyvetilebaSi xSirad naxseneb zogad principebs,

aris sakiTxebi, romlebzec srulad veTanxmebi umravlesobas (ix.

gadawyvetilebis punqtebi 104

garantirebuli religiis Tavisufleba `Zvirfasi faseulobaa~ ara

marto morwmuneTaTvis, aramed aTeistTa, agnostikosTa,

-

108). konvenciis me-9 muxliT

skeftikosTa da sxvaTaTvisac. marTalia, rom konvenciis me-9

muxli ar icavs religiiT an rwmeniT motivirebul da STagonebul

yvela qmedebas da rom demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, sadac

mosaxleobaSi sxvadasxva religiebi Tanaarseboben, SesaZloa

aucilebeli iyos sakuTari religiis an rwmenis gamJRavnebaze

SezRudvebis daweseba, raTa moxdes sxvadasxva jgufebis interesTa

SeTanxmeba da yvelas rwmenis pativiscemis uzrunvelyofa (ix.

gadawyvetilebis punqti 106). pluralizmi, tolerantoba da farTo

TvalTaxedva demokratiuli sazogadoebis niSnebia da iwvevs

konkretul Sedegebs. maTgan pirveli is aris, rom demokratiuli

sazogadoebis

es

idealebi

da

Rirebulebebi

aseve

unda

efuZnebodes dialogsa da kompromisis suliskveTebas, rac

aucileblad iwvevs individTa mxridan ormxriv daTmobas. meore

Sedegia, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi organoTa roli is ki ar aris, rom

pluralizmis aRmofxvriT daZabulobis mizezebi gaaqron, aramed,

rogorc sasamarTlom bolo dros gaimeora, uzrunvelyon, rom

dapirispirebulma jgufebma erTmaneTis mimarT tolerantoba

gamoiCinon (Ouranio Toxo and Others v. Greece, 2005 wlis 20 oqtombris

gadawyvetileba, punqti 40).

2. roca umravlesobam aRiara, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis

akrZalva

ganmcxadeblis uflebaSi, konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad

gaemJRavnebina sakuTari religia da rom akrZalva

universitetis

teritoriaze

warmoadgenda

Carevas

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kanoniT da emsaxureboda kanonier mizans –

am saqmeSi sxvaTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis da sajaro

wesrigis dacvas – ZiriTad sakiTxad iqca, iyo Tu ara aseTi Careva

`aucilebeli demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~. misi xasiaTidan

gamomdinare, sasamarTlos mimoxilva Sesrulebuli unda iqnes in

concreto, sam kriteriumze miTiTebiT: pirveli, iyo Tu ara saTanado

51

Careva, romelsac unda SeZleboda riskis qveS myofi kanonieri

interesis dacva; meore, yvelaze naklebad zRudavda Tu ara

arCeuli RonisZieba gansaxilvel uflebas an Tavisuflebas; da

bolos, iyo Tu ara RonisZieba proporciuli, sakiTxi, romelic

moiTxovs sapirispiro interesTa dabalansebas¹.

umravlesobis midgomas safuZvlad udevs Sefasebis zRvari,

romelsac, aRiarebulia, rom floben erovnuli organoebi da

romelic, inter alia, gamoxatavs cnebas, rom isini `ukeTes

mdgomareobaSi~ arian, raTa gadawyviton, rogor Seasrulon

mgrZnobiare sferoebSi ufro kargad konvenciiT dakisrebuli

valdebulebebi (ix. gadawyvetilebis punqti 109). sasamarTlos

iurisdiqcia, ra Tqma unda, qvemdebarea da misi funqcia

konfliqtTa mogvarebis sayovelTao formebis daweseba ar aris,

gansakuTrebiT `eklesiebsa da saxelmwifos Soris delikaturi

urTierTobis dawesebis sakiTxSi~ (Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France,

2000 wlis 27 ivnisis gadawyvetileba, punqti 84), miuxedavad imisa,

rom ramdenime sxva gadawyvetilebaSi religiur jgufebs Soris

konfliqtebis

Sesaxeb

sasamarTlos

yovelTvis

igive

samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi ar dauwesebia (Serif v. Greece, 1999 wlis 14

dekembris gadawyvetileba; Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia and Others v.

Moldova, 2001 wlis 13 dekembris gadawyvetileba). Sesabamisad,

absoluturad veTanxmebi im mosazrebas, rom sasamarTlom unda

scados universalurobisa da gansxvavebulobis erTmaneTTan

misadageba da misi funqcia ar aris romelime religiuri modelis

Sesaxeb azris gamoxatva.

3. me albaT SevZlebdi gameziarebina Sefasebis zRvris midgoma,

rom ara ori faqtori, romlebmac sagrZnoblad Seamcires misi

mniSvneloba am saqmeSi. pirveli exeba umravlesobis mier moxmobil

arguments

farTo

zRvris

gasamarTleblad,

kerZod

ki

saxelmwifoebSi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi religiuri

simboloebis

praqtikis

tarebis

arsebobas

regulirebis

da, amgvarad,

Sesaxeb

am sferoSi

gansxvavebuli

evropuli

konsensusis ararsebobas. SedarebiTi samarTlis wyaroebi amgvari

daskvnis gakeTebis uflebas ar iZlevian, radgan arc erT wevr

saxelmwifoSi

religiuri

simbolos

tarebaze

SezRudva

sauniversiteto ganaTlebaze ar vrceldeba, radgan iq mowifuli

axalgazrdebi swavloben, romlebic naklebad eguebian zewolas.

meore faqtori exeba evropul zedamxedvelobas, romelic Tan

sdevs Sefasebis zRvris gamoyenebas da romelic, Tumca imaze

naklebia, vidre erovnuli organoebis xelSi Sefasebis zRvris

ararsebobisas, mainc mxardamxar mihyveba mas. Tumca, sxva

SemTxvevebSi, TurqeTis istoriuli warsulis garda, evropuli

zedamxedveloba gadawyvetilebaSi ubralod ar aris xolme

naxsenebi. magram am ganacxadSi aRniSnuli sakiTxi, romlis

mniSvnelobac konvenciiT garantirebuli religiis Tavisuflebis

52

uflebisaTvis aSkaraa, ubralod `adgilobrivi~ ki ara, yvela

wevri saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. evropuli

zedamxedveloba ki, Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia Tavidan iqnes

acilebuli ubralod Sefasebis zRvris moxmobisas.

4. ra safuZvlebs emyareboda Tavsaburavis tarebis akrZalvis gziT

ganmcxadeblis religiis TavisuflebaSi Careva? winamdebare

saqmeSi, mxolod erovnuli organoebisa da sasamarTloebis mier

miTiTebul mizezebze dayrdnobiT, umravlesoba zogadi da

abstraqtuli terminebiT gamoyofs or arguments: sekularizmsa da

Tanasworobas. me srulad viziareb am principebs, magram ar

veTanxmebi am saqmeSi maTi gamoyenebis meTodebs da Tavsaburavis

tarebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT maTi interpretaciis xerxebs.

me mjera, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saWiroa sekularizmis,

Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis principebis harmonizeba da ara

romelimesaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba.

5. rac Seexeba, pirvel rigSi, sekularizms, vimeoreb, rom mas

miviCnev arsebiT principad, romelic, rogorc 1989 wlis 7 martis

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi iqna dadgenili,

udavod aucilebelia TurqeTSi demokratiuli sistemis dasacavad.

Tumca religiuri Tavisuflebac ZiriTadi principia demokratiul

sazogadoebebSi. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom didma palatam aRiara

sekularizmis

principis

Zala,

ar

aTavisuflebs

mas

valdebulebisagan, daedgina, rom islamuri Tavsaburavis tarebis

akrZalva, risi msxverplic gaxda ganmcxadebeli, aucilebeli iyo

am

principis

dacvis

`seriozul

uzrunvelsayofad

da,

Sesabamisad,

mxolod

akmayofilebda

socialur saWiroebas~.

arasadavo faqtebsa da mizezebs, romelTa legitimuroba eWvs – da

ara ubralod wuxilsa da SiSs – miRmaa, ZaluZs daakmayofilos es

moTxovnebi da gaamarTlos konvenciiT garantirebul uflebaSi

Careva. ufro metic, rodesac adgili aqvs ZiriTad uflebaSi

Carevas, sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali naTlad adgens,

rom ubralo mtkiceba sakmarisi ar aris, is ganmtkicebuli unda

iqnes konkretuli magaliTebiT (Smith and Grady v. the United Kingdom,

1999 wlis 27 seqtembris gadawyvetileba, punqti 89). msgavsi

magaliTebi winamdebare saqmeSi ar mouxmiaT.

6. konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, Tavisufleba, romelsac es

muxli moicavs, aris ara adamianis Tavisufleba, hqondes religia

(Sinagani rwmena), aramed gaamJRavnos sakuTari religia (am rwmenis

gamoxatva). miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlo icavda (SesaZloa,

Zalian icavda) religiur ganwyobebs (Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria,

1994 wlis 20 seqtembris gadawyvetileba; Wingrove v. the United Kingdom,

1996 wlis 25 noembris gadawyvetileba), igi naklebad iCenda

survils, Careuliyo religiuri ritualebis aRsrulebasTan

dakavSirebul saqmeebSi (Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France, 2000 wlis 27

53

ivnisis gadawyvetileba; Dahlab v. Switzerland, 2001 wlis 15 Tebervlis

gadawyvetileba), rac iRebs dacvis qvemdebare formas (ix.

gadawyvetilebis punqti 105). faqtobrivad,

Tavisuflebis aspeqti, romelsac sasamarTlo

es aris religiis

dRemde ar

dapirispirebia da arasodes hqonia SesaZlebloba, Camoeyalibebina

sakiTari azri religiuri RvTismsaxurebis garegani simboloebis

Sesaxeb, rogoricaa tansacmlis niSnulebi, romelTa simboluri

mniSvneloba

mixedviT².

seriozulad

gansxvavdeba

Sesabamisi

rwmenis

7. saqmeze Refah Partisi and Others v. Turkey 2003 wlis 13 Tebervlis

gadawyvetilebaze miTiTebiT ganCinebaSi dadgenili iqna: `midgoma,

romelic pativs ar scems am [sekularizmis] princips, yvela

SemTxvevaSi ar moicavs religiis gamJRavnebis Tavisuflebas da

daculi ar aris konvenciis me-9 muxliT (ix. punqti 114). amgvarad,

umravlesobam daadgina, rom Tavsaburavis tareba ewinaaRmdegeba

sekularizmis princips. amiT umravlesobam sakuTari pozicia

Camoayaliba sakiTxze, romelic seriozuli debatebis sagans

warmoadgenda, saxeldobr, Tavsaburavis tarebis mniSvnelobasa da

mis damokidebulebaze sekularizmis principTan³.

winamdebare saqmeSi am tipis zogadi Sefaseba qmnis sul mcire sam

sirTules. pirveli, gadawyvetileba ar saubrobs ganmcxadeblis

argumentze _ romelzec mTavrobas ar ukamaTia _ rom mis mizans

ar

warmoadgenda

sekularizmis

principis

(romelsac

igi

eTanxmeboda) sadavod gaxda. meore, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba imis

saCveneblad, rom ganmcxadebeli Tavisi qceviT am princips

ewinaaRmdegeboda. es aris testi, romelsac sasamarTlo yovelTvis

iyenebda sakuTar praqtikaSi (Kokkinakis v. Greece, 1993 wlis 25 maisis

gadawyvetileba; United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey, 1998

wlis 30 ianvris gadawyvetileba). da bolos, gadawyvetileba

erTmaneTisgan ar asxvavebs maswavleblebsa da studentebs, maSin,

roca 2001 wlis 15 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze Dahlab v.

Switzerland, romelic exeba maswavlebels, sasamarTlo mkafiod xazs

usvams maswavleblis mier Tavsaburavis tarebis samodelo aspeqts

(gv. 14). roca sekularizmis principi moiTxovs, rom ganaTleba

uzrunvelyofili iqnes romelime religiis gamoxatvis gareSe da

roca

es

savaldebuloa

maswavleblebisa

da

sajaro

mosamsaxureTaTvis, radgan maT sakuTari surviliT daikaves

adgilebi neitralur garemoSi, me meCveneba, rom moswavleTa da

studentTa mdgomareoba gansxvavebuli unda iyos.

8. religiis gamJRavnebis Tavisufleba moiTxovs, rom yvelas mieces

ufleba, gamoiyenos es ufleba, damoukideblad an koleqtivSi,

sajarod an piradad, da igi eqvemdebareba ormag pirobas: ar unda

Selaxos sxvaTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi da safrTxe ar unda

Seuqmnas sajaro wesrigs (me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti).

54

rac Seexeba pirvel pirobas, igi daculi iqneboda, Tu Tavsaburavi,

romelsac ganmcxadebeli religiuri simbolos saxiT atarebda,

iqneboda gamaRizianebeli an agresiuli an gamoyenebuli iqneboda

zewolis iaraRad, reaqciis gamosawvevad, prozelitizmisa Tu

propagandisaTvis da Zirs gamouTxrida _ an miznad eqneboda

dasaxuli Ziris gamoTxra _ sxvaTa rwmenisaTvis. Tumca mTavroba

am arguments ar iSveliebda da sasamarTlos winaSe aranairi

mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda, romelic mas daarwmunebda, rom q-n

sahinis amgvari zraxvebi amoZravebda. rac Seexeba meore pirobas,

arasodes yofila warmodgenili an demonstrirebuli argumenti,

rom ganmcxadeblis mier Tavsaburavis tarebis Sedegad adgili

hqonda saswavlo procesis an universitetis yoveldRiuri

cxovrebisaTvis xelis SeSlas an raime uwesrigo qmedebas.

marTlac, mis mimarT disciplinuri samarTalwarmoeba ar aRZrula.

9. magram umravlesoba imeorebs, rom `islamuri Tavsaburavis

Sesaxeb

sakiTxis

TurqeTis

konteqstSi

ganxilvisas

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes is zemoqmedeba, rac religiur

valdebulebad aRqmuli an aRiarebuli amgvari simboloebis

tarebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios maTze, vinc irCevs, es simboloebi ar

ataros~ (ix. punqti 115).

Tu religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis dacvisas mxedvelobaSi ar

miiReba konteqsti, me ar mimaCnia, sasamarTlos precedentul

samarTalze dayrdnobiT, rom is SesaZlo efeqti, romelic

Tavsaburavis tarebam simbolos saxiT SeiZleba moaxdinos maTze,

vinc mas ar atarebs, akmayofilebdes seriozul socialur

saWiroebas. Mutatis mutandis, gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi (me-10

muxli)

sasamarTlos

arasodes

uRiarebia,

rom

gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis

uflebiT

sargeblobaSi

Careva

SeiZleba

gamarTlebuli iqnes im faqtiT, rom esa Tu is idea an Sexeduleba

gaziarebuli ar iqna yvelas mier da SesaZloa Seuracxyos kidec

vinme. bolodroindel, 2003 wlis 4 dekembris gadawyvetilebaSi

saqmeze Gündüz v. Turkey sasamarTlom daadgina, rom adgili hqonda

gamoxatvis

Tavisuflebis

darRvevas,

rodesac

muslimani

religiuri lideri dapatimrebuli iqna TurqeTSi sekularuli

reJimis uxeSad gakritikebisaTvis, roca igi SariaTis kanonebis

SemoRebas mouwodebda da mxolod sekularuli xelisuflebis

organoebis mier registrirebuli qorwinebis Sedegad dabadebul

bavSvebs `nabiWvrebi~ uwoda. amgvarad, Tavsafris mSvidobianad

tarebiT sakuTari religiis gamJRavneba SeiZleba akrZaluli iqnes

maSin, roca imave konteqstSi SeniSvnebi, mimarTuli religiuri

SuRlis gasaRviveblad, daculia gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT⁴.

10.

maregulirebeli

SesanarCuneblad gankuTvnili RonisZiebis~

faqtobrivad,

sasamarTlos

azriT,

gansaxilveli

pluralizmis

gamarTlebaa is

normebis

_

`universitetSi

_

55

safrTxe, romelsac warmoSoben `eqstremistuli politikuri

moZraobebi~, `sazogadoebisTvis TavianTi religiuri simboloebisa

da religiur principebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis ideis~ Tavs

moxvevas

rom

cdiloben

(ix.

gadawyvetilebis

punqti

115).

sasamarTlom amas ukve mohfina naTeli 2003 wlis 13 Tebervlis

gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze Refah Partisi and Others v. Turkey, sadac man

daadgina: `qveyanaSi, rogoricaa TurqeTi, sadac mosaxleobis

umravlesoba erT religias aRiarebs, universitetebSi gatarebuli

RonisZiebebi, romlebic emsaxureba religiuri fundamentalizmis

mimdevari moZraobebis mier zewolisagan im studentebis dacvas,

romlebic

ar

aRiareben

am

religias

an

sxva

religias

miekuTvnebian, gamarTlebulia konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqtiT~

(punqti 95).

maSin, roca yvela eTanxmeba radikaluri islamizmis Tavidan

acilebis saWiroebas, am msjelobas SeiZleba mainc seriozuli

winaaRmdegoba Seeqmnas. ubralod Tavsaburavis tareba ar SeiZleba

asocirebuli

erTmaneTisagan

Tavsaburavs,

iqnes

ganvasxvavoT

da

fundamentalizmTan

pirebi,

`eqstremistebi~,

da

aucilebelia,

romlebic

atareben

cdiloben

Tavsaburavis, iseve, rogorc sxva religiuri simboloebis, Tavs

moxvevas.

fundamentalisti

yvela

qali,

ar aris

romelic

Tavsaburavs

atarebs,

rom

da

araferi amtkicebs,

ganmcxadebeli iziarebda fundamentalistur Sexedulebebs. is

aris axalgazrda zrdasruli qali da universitetis studenti da

gonivrulad mosalodnelia, gaaCndes unari, gauZlos zewolas.

amasTan dakavSirebiT aRiniSna, rom gadawyvetilebaSi ver aris

moyvanili amgvari zewolis konkretuli magaliTi. ganmcxadeblis

piradi interesi, esargebla religiis Tavisuflebis uflebiT da

garegani

simboloebiT

gaemJRavnebina

sakuTari

religia,

SeuZlebelia srulad gadafaros eqstremizmTan brZolis sajaro

interesma⁵.

11. rac Seexeba Tanasworobas, umravlesoba aqcents akeTebs qalTa

uflebebisa da sqesTa Tanasworobis dacvaze (ix. gadawyvetilebis

punqtebi 115 da 116). sapirispiro midgomiT, Tavsaburavis tareba

miCneulia qalTa gaucxoebis sinonimad. Sesabamisad, Tavsaburavis

tarebis akrZalva aRiqmeba mamakacTa da qalTa Tanasworobis

xelSewyobad. Tumca ra akavSirebs erTmaneTTan akrZalvasa da

sqesTa Tanasworobas? gadawyvetilebaSi es ar aris naTqvami.

marTlac, ra aris Tavsaburavis tarebis mniSvneloba? rogorc

aRiniSna germaniis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2003 wlis 24

seqtembris

gadawyvetilebaSi⁶,

Tavsaburavis

tarebas

erTi

mniSvneloba ara aqvs; es aris Cveuleba, romelic dakavSirebulia

sxvadasxva mizezebTan. es simbolurad aucileblad ar asaxavs

qalebis mamakacebze damokidebulebas da mavanni amboben, rom rig

SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba gaxdes qalTa emansipaciis saSualeba. rac

56

aklia am debatebs, esaa qalTa azri, rogorc maTi, vinc

Tavsaburavs atarebs, aseve maTic, vinc uari Tqva mis tarebaze.

12. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi palata moixmobs Tavis 2001

wlis 15 Tebervlis gadawyvetilebas saqmeze Dahlab v. Switzerland da

mohyavs citata, Cemi azriT, am gadawyvetilebis yvelaze sadavo

nawilidan,

kerZod,

aRniSnavs,

rom

Tavsaburavis

tareba

warmoadgens `Zlevamosil garegan simbolos~, romelic, `rogorc

Cans, religiuri principebiTaa qalebze Tavsmoxveuli, rac rTulia

Sejerebuli iqnes genderuli Tanasworobis principTan~ da rom

rTulia, Cveuleba `SevajeroT tolerantobis, sxvaTa pativiscemis

da, yvelaze metad, Tanasworobisa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis

principebTan,

maswavlebelma

romlebic

unda

demokratiul

gadasces Tavis

sazogadoebaSi

moswavleebs~

yvela

(ix.

gadawyvetilebis punqti 111).

sasamarTlos funqcia ar aris, gaakeTos amgvari Sefaseba, am

SemTxvevaSi erTmxrivi da negatiuri, religiis an religiuri

RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc misi funqcia ar aris

zogadi da abstraqtuli saxiT gadawyvitos Tavsaburavis tarebis

mniSvneloba

Sexedulebebi.

an

ganmcxadebels

ganmcxadebelma,

Tavs

axalgazrda

moaxvios

sakuTari

zrdasrulma

studentma, ganacxada _ da araferi amtkicebs, rom rac Tqva,

simarTle ar aris rom Tavsaburavs atarebda sakuTari

–

surviliT.

Tanasworobis

amasTan

dakavSirebiT

rogor

me

unda

ver

iyos

vxedav,

gamarTlebuli

sqesTa

principiT

qalisTvis imis akrZalva, misdios am Cveulebas, romelic,

sapirispiro mtkicebulebis ararsebobisas, man TviTon Tavisuflad

SeiTvisa. Tanasworoba da diskriminaciis akrZalva subieqturi

uflebebia, romlebic unda darCes maTi kontrolis qveS, vinc

uflebamosilia,

isargeblos

am

uflebebiT.

am

tipis

`paternalizmi~ winaaRmdegobaSi modis sasamarTlos precedentul

samarTalTan, romelmac me-8 muxlis safuZvelze namdvili

personaluri avtonomiis ufleba Camoayaliba (Keenan v. the United

Kingdom, 2001 wlis 3 aprilis gadawyvetileba, punqti 92; Pretty v. the

United Kingdom, 2002 wlis 29 aprilis gadawyvetileba, punqtebi 65-67;

Christine Goodwin v. the United Kingdom, 2002 wlis 11 ivlisis

gadawyvetileba, punqti 90)⁷. da bolos, Tu Tavsaburavis tareba

namdvilad ewinaaRmdegeba qalTa da mamakacTa Tanasworobis

princips,

saxelmwifos

daekisreba

pozitiuri

valdebuleba,

akrZalos is yvela, rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo adgilas.⁸

13. vinaidan, Cemi azriT, universitetis teritoriaze Tavsaburavis

tarebis akrZalva ar efuZneboda Sesafer da sakmaris safuZvlebs,

igi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT Carevad, romelic `aucilebeli iyo

demokratiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~ konvenciis me-9 muxlis me-2

punqtis mniSvnelobiT. am garemoebebSi adgili hqonda konvenciiT

57

garantirebuli ganmcxadeblis religiis Tavisuflebis uflebis

darRvevas.

B. ganaTlebis ufleba

14. absoluturad veTanxmebi umravlesobis gadawyvetilebas, rom

ganmcxadeblis saCivari ganxiluli unda iqnes pirveli damatebiTi

oqmis me-2 muxlis WrilSic. komisiis moxsenebaSi 1965 wlis 24

ivnisis saqmeze `belgiaSi enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonis

konkretuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb~ ukve aRiniSna, rom es debuleba

gamoiyeneba

umaRles

da

sauniversiteto

ganaTlebasTan

mimarTebaSi. gadawyvetileba marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom `ar

arsebobda mkafio gamyofi xazi umaRles da sxva formis

ganaTlebas Soris~ da uerTdeba evropis sabWos mimarTulebas

`adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da

demokratiis

gaZlierebis

saqmeSi

umaRlesi

ganaTlebis

mniSvnelobisa da gadamwyveti rolis Sesaxeb~ (ix. gadawyvetilebis

punqti 136). ufro metic, radgan ganaTlebis ufleba niSnavs yvelas

adamianis uflebas, isargeblon saganmanaTleblo saSualebebiT,

didi palata aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifos, romelmac umaRlesi

saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebi

daaarsa,

`daekisreba

valdebuleba, uzrunvelyos am saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobis

qmediTi ufleba~, diskriminaciis gareSe (ix. gadawyvetilebis

punqti 137).

15. magram Tumca didi palata xazs usvams, rom demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi ganaTlebis ufleba adamianis sxva uflebebisagan

ganuyofelia (ix. gadawyvetilebis punqti 137), gasakviri da

dasanania, rom Semdgom igi ganmcxadebels arTmevs am uflebas

iseTi safuZvliT, romelic me arc Sesaferad da arc sakmarisad

ar meCveneba. ganmcxadebeli, religiuri safuZvliT, ar cdilobda

bodiSi mieRo raime qmedebisaTvis da ar iTxovda cvlilebebis

Setanas sauniversiteto kursebSi, romlebsac igi eswreboda

(gansxvavebiT saqmisagan Kjeldsen, Busk, Madsen and Pedersen v. Denmark,

1976 wlis 7 dekembris gadawyvetileba). mas ubralod surda

daesrulebina

swavla

imave

pirobebSi,

romlebic

hqonda

universitetSi Caricxvisa da sauniversiteto karieris pirvel

wlebSi, roca igi Tavisufali iyo, yovelgvari problemis gareSe

etarebina Tavsaburavi. me mimaCnia, rom ganmcxadeblisaTvis

leqciebsa da gamocdebze (romlebic medicinis fakultetis

kursebis nawils warmoadgenda) daswrebis akrZalviT mas de facto

Seelaxa universitetis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba da, Sesabamisad,

ganaTlebis uflebac.

16. didma palatam `analogiurad~ Camoayaliba samotivacio nawili

konvenciis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad dawesebuli Carevis Sesaxeb da

daadgina, rom ganaTlebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli

58

analizi `ar SeiZleba am SemTxvevaSi gamovyoT me-9 muxlTan

mimarTebaSi sasamarTlos mier miRweuli daskvnebisagan~, radgan am

debulebiT

mxedvelobaSi

miRebuli

Sexedulebebi

`zustad

gamoiyeneba pirveli damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad

gakeTebul saCivarTan mimarTebaSi~ (ix. gadawyvetilebis punqti

157). amasTan dakavSirebiT mimaCnia, rom palata udavod marTali

iyo, roca Tavis 2004 wlis 30 noembris gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina,

rom `calke ganxilvis sagani~ ar warmoiSoboda pirveli

damatebiTi oqmis me-2 muxlTan dakavSirebiT, radgan garemoebebi

da argumentebi emTxveoda me-9 muxlTan dakavSirebiT ganxilul

garemoebebsa da argumentebs, romelTa mimarTac sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom adgili ar hqonia darRvevas.

rogoric ar unda iyos pozicia, me ar makmayofilebs is, rom

religiuri Tavisuflebis mimarT gakeTebuli motivacia `srulad

gamoiyeneba~ ganaTlebis uflebasTan mimarTebaSi. cnobilia, rom es

ukanaskneli

ufleba

absoluturi

ar

aris

da

SeiZleba

daeqvemdebaros SezRudvebs, im pirobiT, rom isini imdenad ar

Seamcireben am uflebis farglebs, rom daakargvinon arsi da

efeqturoba. es SezRudvebi aseve winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda movides

konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebebTan, radgan konvenciis

debulebebi miCneulia erTianobad. amas garda, Sefasebis zRvari

negatiuri valdebulebebisas ufro viwroa da sasamarTlom,

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ukanasknel saSualebad unda ganixilos,

iqna Tu ara daculi konvenciis moTxovnebi. da bolos, SezRudva

ganaTlebis uflebis Sesabamisi mxolod maSin iqneba, Tu

gamoyenebul saSualebebsa da im mizans Soris, romelsac isini

emsaxurebian, proporciuli urTierTdamokidebuleba iarsebebs.

17. ra mdgomareoba iyo winamdebare saqmeSi? me aq ar mivyvebi

debatebs religiis Tavisuflebis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT,

aramed Semovifarglebi ganmcxadeblis ganaTlebis uflebaze

dawesebuli

SezRudvebis

proporciulobasTan

dakavSirebiT

damatebiTi elementebis aRniSvniT.

imiT daviwyeb, rom universitetis organoebs, sanam ganmcxadebels

leqciebsa da gamocdebze daSvebaze uars etyodnen, sxva

saSualebebi unda gamoeyenebinaT, unda daerwmunebinaT igi

(magaliTad, mediaciis gziT), uari eTqva Tavsaburavis tarebaze da

ise gaegrZelebina swavla, anda unda uzrunveleyoT sajaro

wesrigis SenarCuneba universitetis teritoriaze, Tu igi aSkarad

riskis qveS idga.⁹saqme is aris, rom aranairi mcdeloba ar

yofila, gamoeyenebinaT iseTi RonisZiebebi, romelTac naklebad

mtkivneuli efeqti eqneboda ganmcxadeblis ganaTlebis uflebaze.

Cemi meore argumenti is aris, rom ganmcxadeblis mier leqciebze

daswrebis

daqvemdebarebiT

im

pirobaze,

rom

uari

eTqva

Tavsaburavis tarebaze da am moTxovnis daucvelobis SemTxvevaSi

59

universitetSi daswrebis akrZalviT administraciam ganmcxadebeli

aiZula, qveyana daetovebina da swavla daesrulebina venis

universitetSi. mas, amgvarad, alternativa aRar darCa. Tumca 2000

wlis 27 ivnisis gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze Cha’are Shalom Ve Tsedek v.

France alternatiuli gzis arseboba erT-erTi faqtori iyo,

romelic sasamarTlom mxedvelobaSi miiRo imis dadgenisas, rom

adgili ar hqonda konvenciis darRvevas (punqtebi 80 -81). da

bolos, didma palatam sasworze ar dado sapirispiro interesebi,

kerZod ki, erTis mxriv, ganmcxadeblis mier miRebuli zarali,

romelsac sakuTari religiuri aRmsareblobis gamo ara marto

SesaZlebloba CamoerTva, TurqeTSi swavla daesrulebina, aramed

aseve, misTvis SeuZlebeli Canda samSobloSi dabruneba da

sakuTari profesiiT muSaoba, im siZneleebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac

iq arsebobda ucxouri diplomis aRiarebasTan dakavSirebiT, da,

meores mxriv, TurqeTis sazogadoebis mier ganmcxadeblisaTvis

universitetis teritoriaze Tavsaburavis tarebis akrZalviT

miRebuli sargebeli.

am garemoebebSi gonivrulad SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom

ganmcxadeblisaTvis leqciebsa da gamocdebze daswrebis akrZalva

da Semdgom universitetidan garicxva araefeqturs xdida mis

uflebas ganaTlebaze da, Sesabamisad, akninebda Tavad am uflebis

arss.

18. garda amisa, ismis kiTxva, ganaTlebis uflebis amgvari

SezRudva, saboloo jamSi, xom ar utoldeboda ganmcxadeblis

mimarT religiuri safuZvliT diskriminaciis irib daSvebas. Tavis

2005 wlis 4 oqtombris #1464 (2005) rezoluciaSi evropis sabWos

saparlamento asambleam wevr saxelmwifoebs Seaxsena, rom

mniSvnelovani iyo `maT teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela qalis

srulad

dacva

religiuri

an

religiasTan

dakavSirebuli

safuZvliT maTi uflebebis darRvevisagan~.

19. ufro Rrmad rom ganvsajoT, sekularizmisa da Tanasworobis

saxeliT ganmcxadeblis universitetidan garicxvis daSvebiT

umravlesobam

aRiara

misi

garicxva

zustad

iseTi

tipis

liberaluri garemodan, sadac aseTi Rirebulebebis namdvili

mniSvneloba SeiZleba Camoyalibdes da ganviTardes. universiteti

uzrunvelyofs codnis xelmisawvdomobas, romelic Tavisufali da

damoukidebelia yvela organosagan. am tipis gamocdileba ufro

efeqturi saSualebaa sekularizmisa da Tanasworobis principebis

Sesaxeb codnis asamaRleblad, vidre ara nebayoflobiTi, aramed

Tavsmoxveuli valdebuleba. tolerantobas dafuZnebuli dialogi

religiasa da kulturebs Soris TviTon ganaTlebaa, ase rom

ironiulia axalgazrda qalisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis CamorTmeva

Tavsaburavis gamo. qalTa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis dacva

ar niSnavs maTTvis sakuTari momavlis gadawyvetis Sansis

60

CamorTmevas. akrZalvebi da garicxvebi imas asaxavs, rom es

RonisZiebebi gansazRvrulia Rrma fundamentalizmis

aRmosafxvrelad. aq, rogorc yvelgan sxvagan, riski nacnobia:

rwmenis radikalizacia, Cumi garicxva, religiur skolebSi

dabruneba. miwis kanoniT uaryofis gamo axalgazra qalebi

iZulebulni arian, daubrundnen TavianT kanons. rogorc viciT,

Seuwynarebloba warmoSobs Seuwynareblobas.

20. vamTavreb imis aRniSvniT, rom es sakiTxebi aseve ganxiluli

unda iqnes rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg moqmedi

komisiis (ECRI) mier 2005 wlis ivnisSi gamoqveynebul wliur

moxsenebaSi

Camoyalibebuli

mimoxilvebis

fonze,

sadac

gamoTqmulia SeSfoTeba arsebuli mtruli klimatis gamo im

pirebis misamarTiT, romlebic arian an sxvebs miaCniaT, rom arian

muslimanebi, da sadac aRniSnulia, rom situacia momavalSi

yuradRebasa da moqmedebas moiTxovs.¹⁰upirvelesad ki isev da isev

unda gavimeoroT, rom fanatizmisa da eqstremizmis Tavidan

acilebisa

da

aRmofxvris

saukeTeso

saSualeba

adamianis

uflebebis dacvaa.

1

S. VAN DROOGHENBROECK, ‘LA PROPORTIONNALITÉ DANS LE DROIT DE LA CONVENTION

européenne des droits de l’homme. Prendre l’idée simple au sérieux.’, Brussels, Bruylant, 2001.

2

E. BREMS, The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights to Religion, ix. Th. MARAUHN

(ed.), ‘Die Rechtsstellung des Menschen im Völkerrecht. Entwicklungen und Perspektiven’, Tübingen,

Mohr Siebeck, 2003, gv. 1 et seq.

³E. BRIBOSIA and I. RORIVE, ‘Le voile à l’école : une Europe divisée’, Revue trimestrielle des droits de

l’homme, 2004, gv. 958.

⁴S. VAN DROOGHENBROECK, ‘Strasbourg et le voile’, Journal du juriste, 2004, #34, gv. 10.

⁵E. BRIBOSIA and I. RORIVE, ‘Le voile à l’école : une Europe divisée’, op. cit., gv. 960.

6

germaniis federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, 2003 wlis 24 seqtembris

meore ganyofilebis gadawyvetileba, 2BvR 1436/042.

⁷S. VAN DROOGHENBROECK, ‘Strasbourg et le voile’, op. cit.

⁸E. BRIBOSIA daI. RORIVE, ‘Le voile à l’école : une Europe divisée’, op. cit., gv. 962.

⁹O. DE SCHUTTER AND J. RINGELHEIM, ‘La renonciation aux droits fondamentaux. La libre disposition

du soi et le règne de l’échange’, CRIDHO Working paper series 1/2005.

¹⁰rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg moqmedi evropuli komisia, `wliuri

moxseneba komisiis saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs periods 2004 wlis 1

ianvridan 31 dekembramde~, doc. CRI (2005)36, strasburgi, ivnisi, 2005 w.

61